The Complete History of Chicago's Famous Lake Shore Drive.

Lake Shore Drive in 1889, taken from the top of the Chicago Water Tower.

Lake Shore Drive (referred to as the Outer Drive, also as The Drive or LSD) is probably Chicago's most famous road. Note the reconstruction 18 years after the Chicago Fire. Because of the number of homeless Chicagoans, the city allowed wooden structures to be built, as evidenced in this photograph. 

Lake Shore Drive, Chicago. circa 1900

Lake Shore Drive's origins date back to Potter Palmer, who coerced the City of Chicago to build the street adjacent to his lakefront property to enhance its value.

Palmer built his "castle" at 100 Lake Shore Drive in 1882 (today 1350 N. Lake Shore Drive) on landfills from debris from the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 east of today's Michigan Avenue, which was known as Pine Street (in today's Gold Coast neighborhood). Pine was renamed Lincoln Park Boulevard in the early 1890s as far south as Ohio Street when the street connected with Lake Shore Drive.

The Potter Palmer "castle" stood on north Lake Shore Drive for more than half a century and remains one of the most legendary houses ever built in Chicago, despite being razed in 1950.

Lake Drive, Lincoln Park, Chicago, Illinois.

The drive was initially intended for leisurely strolls for the wealthy in their horse-drawn carriages. When automobiles began growing in numbers, Lake Shore Drive took on a completely different role in transportation.

On October 12, 1901, tens of thousands of flag-waving Scandinavian-Americans participated in events to celebrate the monument unveiling. Despite heavy rain that day, the festivities included a parade and a two-hour ceremony in Humboldt Park.

A bronze statue of Leif Ericson on a granite boulder in Humboldt Park, the work of a Norwegian, came to Chicago around the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition.

Lake Shore Drive began at Oak Street and extended north to the city limit at Fullerton Avenue. The most notable extension was built in 1933 from Belmont to Foster avenues, which featured cloverleaf interchanges instead of at-grade intersections. This stretch of road was Chicago's first freeway, predating the Calumet Expressway by 17 years. 

Lake Shore Drive, Chicago. ca. 1910s

Chicago Tribune, Wednesday, February 2, 1927:

Leif Ericson Drive "It Stays," Official Says. Despite the protests that have arisen, south park officials announced yesterday that they will stand by their decision to name the outer drive from twenty-third street to Jackson park for Leif Ericson, a Viking, said to have landed in America in the year 1,000 AD.

Supt. George T. Donoghue for the south park board, declared that unless people insist on stressing the name of Ericson, the boulevard will still be known as the Outer Drive just as Soldier Field popularly is known as "The Stadium." "People will put their own Monikers on the the drive," Mr. Donoghue predicted, "Just as they call the drive through Lincoln park the West drive instead of Stockton drive, its proper name."

The board, he said, has considered the matter for six months. Feeling that the man should be recognized and receiving corroboration from the University of Chicago as to the historical fact. Mr. Donoghue declared that the name had been given after due consideration.

Chicago Tribune, Saturday, September 3, 1927:

Several articles have appeared of late referring to the Leif Ericson Drive as the "Outer Drive." It is beyond me why this drive is not called by the name that was rightfully given it. As all know, Chicago chose to honor the discoverer of America, Leif Ericson, who landed on the mainland of America in the year 1,000, by naming this drive Leif Ericson Drive. 

The dedication of Leif Ericson Drive on September 11, 1927, attracted 25,000 people, mostly of Norwegian birth or ancestry. 

Chicago Tribune, Sunday, January 1, 1928 (excerpt):

As it happens, the Outer Drive which has been called Leif Ericson Drive could have been Wacker Drive and when all the work has been done that Wacker Drive could have been the fine boulevard from jackson to Lincoln Park, a more imposing memorial even than South Water Street, which is now Wacker Drive, The Tribune again questioned the propriety of it, although there nothing was being detached from the city's sense of the past, but the congruity of the name was questionable in that application.

That controversy involved some of the city's substantial Norwegian citizens and The Tribune was supposed to have some prejudices in the matter, which was absurd. It presently involved some substantial Italian citizens who found in the Norwegian devotion to Ericson and implied reflection on Columbus and an intent to belittle his place in American History.

In preparation for the 1933 Century of Progress World's Fair, Leif Ericson Drive was extended south to Jackson Park. Leif Ericson Drive was one of many ticket booths and entrance/exit for the Fair.

Entrance - Leif Ericson Drive, The Colonial Village, A Century of Progress 1933-34 Chicago World's Fair. Most references to "Leif Ericson Drive" online have the wrong date of 1937. Proven wrong by this World's Fair postcard.

Chicago Tribune, Thursday, January 19, 1928 (excerpt):

New Columbus Drive to match Up with Ericson. The outer drive which will connect the proposed series of five islands extending from Roosevelt Road to Jackson Park will be named the Christopher Columbus, the south park board decided yesterday. That action was taken at the request of a delegation of Italian-American citizens who came to protest against giving the name of Leif Ericson to the south parks' "inter outer" drive, now under construction.

Oscar Durante, editor of L'Italia di Chicago Newspaper (aka: Courriere del l'Italia, Italian News, and Italian News of Chicago), and as and a school board trustee, thanked the commissioners and said that justice had been done for his countryman. Edward J. Kelly, president of the board, explained that the commissioners were not taking a stand on the question but that they had named the outer drive for Leif Ericson only as recognition of the Scandinavian population of Chicago.

However, the north and south extensions did not connect as the Chicago River cut off the two roadways. So, in 1930, plans for an outer drive bridge over the Chicago River and its approaches were estimated to cost 5,750,000. The bridge, later known as the "S-Turn," 
opened Tuesday, September 28, 1937.

Thousands attended the opening of the Outer Drive Bridge, also known as the Link Bridge, on what is now Lake Shore Drive at the mouth of the Chicago River on October 5, 1937. The bridge was intended to ease congestion on Michigan Avenue, and in 1937, it was one of the longest, most comprehensive, and heaviest bascule bridges.

Lake Shore Drive S-curve and bridge. ca.1960s.

The infamous S-curve on Lake Shore Drive, on the south end of the bridge (December 24, 1937). Note the Chicago Locks being built (between 1936-38) in the upper left of the picture.

Leif Ericson Drive continued to be called by its legal name, evident by newspaper articles, through 1939.

Beginning in the mid-1940s, a section north of North Avenue featured a unique, though problem-plagued, system of curb-high lane barriers (pretty blue lights) that could be raised or lowered (making reversible lanes) to provide six lanes in the direction of rush-hour traffic flow instead of the standard four lanes in each direction. The reversible automatic lane barriers were removed in 1979.

The raised barrier during rush hour set 6 lanes one way.

 

Chicago Tribune, Sunday, January 18, 1942:

More Bottlenecks. I have driven up and down the outer drive for the last few years watching the transformation of our boulevard system in Lincoln park. What was once a pleasant spot thru which to drive is now a concrete racetrack with ugly lamp-posts, stop lights and dizzy curves. What was meant to speed up traffic now retards it. Instead of one or two bottlenecks from the Loop to the north side we now have one continuous bottleneck. All this and millions of dollars spent, too. the men who are hired as engineers to eliminate traffic congestion could have done a better job. By Joseph S. Farina.

In 1946, the entire freeway was named Lake Shore Drive.

The 1951–54 extension of Lake Shore Drive from Foster Avenue to Hollywood Avenue cut the Edgewater Beach Hotel from the beach, reducing business. The hotel closed in 1967, and the main buildings were demolished shortly after. The Edgewater Apartment Building is still standing.

In this 1938 photograph, Lake Shore Drive ends at Foster Avenue. You can see the Edgewater Hotel further North in the picture.

Construction work at the intersection of Sheridan Road and Hollywood Avenue was completed in 1954. Vehicles from the North will turn east onto the outer drive's extension, the new northside terminus of the outer drive.

South Lake Shore Drive Heading North to Downtown in 1966.

"Lake Shore Drive" is a song written by Skip Haynes of the Chicago-based rock group Aliotta Haynes Jeremiah wrote the song "Lake Shore Drive" in 1971 where he talks about the reversible lanes as: "Pretty blue lights along the way --- Helping you right on by." An additional reference in the song lyrics says: "From rags on up to riches fifteen minutes you can fly," which denotes driving from the south side to the Loop.

Listen to the song "Lake Shore Drive."

Mayor Michael Bilandic shut down the reversible lanes of the north side outer drive in 1979. In 1978, the last year, the reversible lanes were used, and seven persons died in accidents, mainly involving head-on collisions between cars traveling in opposite directions and crossing the dividing lines.

The current S-curve includes much gentler bends starting around Randolph Street and ending just before Monroe Street.

Construction on the project began in 1982 and concluded in late 1986.

The Field Museum and Soldier Field are split on Lake Shore Drive. Northbound and Southbound roads are divided around the Field Museum and Soldier Field.

The Lake Shore Drive extension runs two lanes between 79th and 87th streets in each direction, and it opened in October 2013. 

An aerial view, looking north, of the extension of Lake Shore Drive through former steel factory property on the far south side of Chicago near 79th Street and South Shore Drive.

Looking south at the Lake Shore Drive extension.

By Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

George Stafford on his stake wagon used to move household furniture between Wheaton and Chicago between 1885 and 1890.

George Stafford on his stake wagon with the DuPage County Courthouse in the background on the far right with the clock tower. The rig was used to move household furniture between Wheaton and Chicago in the 1885-1890 period. The round trip took three days.

Courtesy of the Wheaton Historic Preservation Council.

Here is another perspective of the scene above. The water-pumping station is seen in the foreground of this circa 1900 photograph, Behind is the DuPage County Courthouse with the clock tower. 

State Street looking north from Randolph Street, Chicago. (1911)

State Street looking north from Randolph  Street, Chicago. (1911)

Leavitt's Delicatessen and Restaurant, 1320 South Halsted at the corner of Maxwell Street, Chicago. (1920s-1960s.)

Leavitt's had been selling liquor from the very moment Prohibition ended. A large cigar counter divided the deli and the restaurant. Sam Leavitt and his five brothers opened up after getting a loan from the owner of "Sinai Kosher Sausage Company." Terms of the loan included using only Sinai products.

"In 1933, Prohibition Law was repealed," Sol Leavitt (Sam Leavitt's son) wrote. "The long counter that was a soda fountain and all the grocery sections were remodeled into a long mahogany bar opposite the deli counter. Sol was 18 years old when Prohibition ended. "I remember the first night that beer was sold. The bar sold many barrels that night. Four hundred glasses of draught, ten ounces each, per barrel, retailing at 10¢ a glass. The deli counter was kept busy selling sandwiches for the drinkers. 10¢ for salami sandwiches and 15¢ for corn beef sandwiches. 

The bartender would take the order for the sandwiches and send them across to the deli counter by homemade wire trolley cars. Sandwiches were put on plates and onto the car, made to hold three at a time, and pushed across with one push. These trolley baskets were made by our expert deli man Max Karm, who had been trained in Russia in sheet metal work. New customers were amazed by the contraptions. Karm had several going across overhead."

Sol's father, Sam, died in 1945. He was 59 years old. Sol and his brothers would eventually take over the business and carry on. Sol married Shirley in 1947, and the deli and restaurant remained a Maxwell Street landmark. The business remained on Maxwell street when a new owner, Jim Stefanovic, leased the property in 1973 and operated under the name, "Jim's Original" until the wrecking ball swung. 

INDEX TO MY ILLINOIS AND CHICAGO FOOD & RESTAURANT ARTICLES.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

#JewishThemed #JewishLife

The History of Chicago's Air Quality.

Like most large cities, Chicago has a history of poor air quality. As it industrialized, Chicago relied on the dirty soft coal of southern Illinois for power and heat. Burned in boiler rooms, locomotives, steel mills, and domestic furnaces, the ubiquitous coal created an equally ubiquitous smoke. Soot soiled everything in the city, ruining furniture, merchandise, and building facades. Chicago legislated against dense smoke in 1881, but residents and visitors continued to complain about choking clouds and filthy soot. In addition to smoke, the numerous industries surrounding the slaughterhouses produced foul odors and dangerous chemical emissions, further diminishing air quality.

Coal burning steamer on the Chicago River.

Undoubtedly the poor air increased the severity of several pulmonary diseases, including asthma and pneumonia. Perhaps second only to Pittsburgh in smoke pollution at the opening of the twentieth century, Chicago gained a national reputation for its terrible air, but it also became a leader in regulation. In the early 1900s, a movement to force railroad electrification focused on the Illinois Central's waterfront line and kept the smoke issue in the news. Still, air quality did not significantly improve until coal use began to decline after World War II.

In the early 20th century, private, single-family, two and three flat residence were instructed to burn their waste in the small concrete garbage incinerators that the city constructed in the alleys behind each property as a solution to growing landfill issues. Garbage trucks would open the cooled incinerators and shovel out the ashes. Larger incinerators used by schools, hospitals, and apartment buildings.

In 1959 the city created the Department of Air Pollution Control. The new department investigated all types of emissions and suggested regulations for several previously ignored sources of pollution, including burning refuse and leaves. 

Public concern for air quality heightened after a 1962 disaster killed hundreds of London residents, and by 1964 Chicago received more than six thousand citizen air pollution complaints per year. As with the early movement to control smoke, the new activism focused on the potential negative health effects of impure air. Not surprisingly, the Loop, the Calumet Region, and northern Lake County, Indiana, were the most polluted districts in the metropolitan area.

In 1967 the U.S. Public Health Service determined that only New York City's air was more polluted than Chicago's. Impelled by citizen activism and new federal regulations in the 1970s, the city attempted to control the largest polluters, including the massive South Works steel plant. Even as these efforts began to reap benefits, however, the continuing suburbanization and auto dependence of the metropolitan area meant that auto emissions would plague the city for decades to come.

By the 1990s, a decline in heavy industry and effective regulation of auto emissions combined to significantly improve Chicago's air. Chicago no longer ranked among the nation's most heavily polluted cities.

By David Stradling
Edited by Neil Gale, Ph.D.