tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26986743524701530882024-03-19T03:48:32.742-05:00The Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal™ Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.comBlogger1889125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-21210505393200008262024-03-08T21:06:00.002-06:002024-03-08T21:31:36.648-06:00President Abraham Lincoln's Personal Valet, William Henry Johnson, a free Negro.<div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">William Henry Johnson (c1835-1864), a free Negro, played a multifaceted role in the life of President Abraham Lincoln. While most remembered as Lincoln's valet, Johnson's service encompassed much more.</span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Details about Johnson's early life are scarce, but historical estimates place his birth around 1835. We know that Johnson's path first crossed Lincoln's in Springfield, Illinois, where he began working as Lincoln's barber and valet around 1860. Johnson proved to be a trusted and valuable household member, attending to Lincoln's grooming needs and likely running errands.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">This trust became even more crucial when Abraham Lincoln secured the presidency. In 1861, as Lincoln prepared for his inauguration in Washington D.C., the nation was embroiled in the Civil War. An assassination plot loomed, prompting a secret journey to the capital. Johnson, demonstrating his loyalty, accompanied Lincoln on this perilous trip.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Once in Washington, Johnson's duties expanded beyond barbering and valeting. The White House staff, particularly other servants, held prejudiced views and often ostracized Johnson due to his darker complexion. Lincoln valued Johnson's dedication and entrusted him with various tasks despite this. Johnson became a butler and firekeeper and even helped Lincoln with errands and messages. He was, in essence, Lincoln's right-hand man, a constant presence attending to the President's needs.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Johnson's role extended beyond the White House. When Lincoln delivered the famed Gettysburg Address, Johnson was by his side on November 19, 1863. Their bond remained strong throughout the war, and Lincoln even intervened to secure Johnson a position in the Treasury Department, likely because Johnson faced prejudice from some White House staff.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">This loyalty proved to be a two-way street. In November 1863, <b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2018/11/abraham-lincoln-came-near-death-from-smallpox.html" target="_blank">Lincoln fell ill with smallpox</a>.</b> Johnson, ever devoted, tirelessly nursed the President back to health. Tragically, Johnson himself contracted smallpox and succumbed to it on January 28, 1864. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Lincoln had William Henry Johnson buried on the Arlington Mansion grounds, now Arlington National Cemetery, and personally paid all the expenses for his funeral services.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhox_aACxMeHeeDbM9wRUEIo1VQBeow4fdaVHYWId8U0RwWqt-6tvSS7FZ6x1a1BF3b5H_RXVnpM5PsIxpmZ_Gl6g_EFx98MF76-UgBRFa8QbICNbiPf2hCyxQ2uusnNVrhV1mcHUdJYHvdlrR7z6OSCD3f49aAU2fGYqzspWMzlXfXrSNGbEUIP3rk3C4/s600/william-henry-johnson.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="414" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhox_aACxMeHeeDbM9wRUEIo1VQBeow4fdaVHYWId8U0RwWqt-6tvSS7FZ6x1a1BF3b5H_RXVnpM5PsIxpmZ_Gl6g_EFx98MF76-UgBRFa8QbICNbiPf2hCyxQ2uusnNVrhV1mcHUdJYHvdlrR7z6OSCD3f49aAU2fGYqzspWMzlXfXrSNGbEUIP3rk3C4/w442-h640/william-henry-johnson.png" width="442" /></a></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">William Henry Johnson's life story transcends the simple title of "valet." He was a trusted confidante, a bodyguard, and a friend to Abraham Lincoln during a period of immense national upheaval. Despite facing prejudice, Johnson's dedication and service left a lasting mark on the President and offered a glimpse into the complex dynamics of the White House during the Civil War.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0Washington, DC, USA38.9071923 -77.036870710.596958463821153 -112.1931207 67.217426136178844 -41.880620699999994tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-79758745691209936052024-03-08T12:45:00.000-06:002024-03-08T12:45:01.214-06:00The Story of Captain Abraham Lincoln.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">The life of American Revolution Captain Abraham Lincoln (1744-1786), the paternal grandfather of the esteemed 16th President, is a tale woven with the threads of both the expansion and the dangers of the American frontier.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Abraham Lincoln was born May 13, 1744, in what today is Berks County, Pennsylvania. Young Abraham was John Lincoln's son, a tanner and farmer. The Lincoln family had made its way to the New World from England a century before, establishing themselves among the industrious settlers shaping the colonies. Though his formal education was limited, Abraham would inherit a strong spirit and a thirst for a better life.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Abraham was the first child born to John and Rebekah Lincoln, who had nine children in all: Abraham, born 1744; twins Hannah and Lydia, born 1748; Isaac, born 1750; Jacob, born 1751; John born 1755; Sarah, born 1757; Thomas born 1761; and Rebekah born 1767.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Abraham married Bathsheba Herring (c1742–1836), a daughter of Alexander Herring (c1708-c1778) and his wife Abigail Harrison (c1710–c1780) of Linville Creek. Bathsheba was reputed to be practical and resilient, and together, they built a family. The assertion that Abraham was first married to Mary Shipley has been refuted.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Abraham's father, John Lincoln, purchased land in the Shenandoah Valley in the colony of Virginia in 1768. He settled his family on a 600-acre tract on Linville Creek in Augusta County (now Rockingham County). John and Rebekah Lincoln divided their tract with their two eldest sons, Abraham and Isaac. Abraham built a house on his land across Linville Creek from his parents' home in 1773.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In the mid-1700s, word spread like wildfire of the fertile lands of Virginia—the Shenandoah Valley beckoned with its promises. The Lincolns, ever seeking opportunity, uprooted their lives and headed south, settling in Rockingham County, Virginia.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">But the frontier did not surrender its bounty easily. This new land demanded resourcefulness and a willingness to defend one's claim. Abraham became a captain in the Virginia militia, his life taking on the dual roles of farmer and protector. Amidst the labor of raising crops and children, the specter of conflict with Indian tribes was a constant undercurrent.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Abraham served as the Augusta County militia captain during the American Revolutionary War (1765-83). With the organization of Rockingham County in 1778, he served as a captain for that county. He was in command of sixty of his neighbors, ready to be called out by the governor of Virginia and marched where needed. Captain Lincoln's company served under General Lachlan McIntosh in the fall and winter of 1778, assisting in constructing Fort McIntosh in Pennsylvania and Fort Laurens in Ohio.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In 1780, Abraham Lincoln sold his land on Mill Creek, and in 1781, he moved his family to Kentucky, which was then a district of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The family settled in Jefferson County, about twenty miles east of the site of Louisville. The territory was still contested by Indians living across the Ohio River. For protection, the settlers lived near frontier forts, called stations, to which they retreated when the alarm was given. Abraham Lincoln settled near Hughes' Station (Central Kentucky) on Floyd's Fork and began clearing land, planting corn, and building a cabin. Lincoln owned at least 5,544 acres of land in the richest sections of Kentucky.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">One day in May 1786, Abraham Lincoln was working in his field with his three sons when he was shot from the nearby forest and fell to the ground. </span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrxGSGwJRjRQtIXkIS4Vmzampk9GR3Uzgzj8swbxNcFdTHfp1H8L-aZhTiQX7gLt3gWBvNawmKbTQkbhNf2Nu2tR8hDYmR-i8aMaYzKcwZlGoh_AtQHTZxQ26W8zvLyb_s5-34TaEZeiphhwbqzZfXJZR3gt2ofimlY93NpmE8oaS9WQL6KcWSM2v7abI/s671/The%20Murder%20of%20Captain%20Abraham%20Lincoln.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="671" height="539" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrxGSGwJRjRQtIXkIS4Vmzampk9GR3Uzgzj8swbxNcFdTHfp1H8L-aZhTiQX7gLt3gWBvNawmKbTQkbhNf2Nu2tR8hDYmR-i8aMaYzKcwZlGoh_AtQHTZxQ26W8zvLyb_s5-34TaEZeiphhwbqzZfXJZR3gt2ofimlY93NpmE8oaS9WQL6KcWSM2v7abI/w668-h539/The%20Murder%20of%20Captain%20Abraham%20Lincoln.JPG" width="668" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The eldest boy, Mordecai, ran to the cabin where a loaded gun was kept, while the middle son, Josiah, ran to Hughes' Station for help. Thomas, the youngest, stood in shock by his father. From the cabin, Mordecai observed an Indian come out of the forest and stop by his father's body. The Indian reached for Thomas, either to kill him or to carry him off. Mordecai took aim and shot the Indian in the chest, killing him.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Tradition states that Captain Abraham Lincoln was buried next to his cabin, now the Long Run Baptist Church and Cemetery site near Eastwood, Kentucky. A stone memorializing Captain Abraham Lincoln was placed in the cemetery in 1937. A stone honoring Captain Abraham Lincoln was placed in a cemetery near Eastwood, Kentucky, in 1937.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Bathsheba Lincoln was left a widow with five underage children. She moved the family away from the Ohio River to Washington County, where the country was more thickly settled, and there was less danger of an Indian attack. Under the law then operating, Mordecai Lincoln, as the eldest son, inherited two-thirds of his father's estate when he reached the age of twenty-one, with Bathsheba receiving one-third. The other children inherited nothing. Life was hard, particularly for Thomas, the youngest, who got little schooling and was forced to work at a young age.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In later years, Thomas Lincoln recounted the day his father died to his son, Abraham Lincoln, the future sixteenth President of the United States of America. "The story of his death by the Indians," the President later wrote, "and of Uncle Mordecai, then fourteen years old, killing one of the Indians, is the legend more strongly than all others imprinted on my mind and memory."</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The story of Captain Abraham Lincoln is one of grit and ambition. It speaks of the tumultuous era when a nation was being forged and the sacrifices made on the altar of expansion. While his life was cut tragically short, he left an indelible mark. His determination and spirit would be echoed in the following generations, shaping the character of one of America's most beloved Presidents.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com1Kentucky, USA37.8393332 -84.27001799.5290993638211532 -119.4262679 66.149567036178837 -49.1137679tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-45004629761829716472024-02-24T15:20:00.008-06:002024-02-24T16:13:22.744-06:00Elias Kent Kane was a key figure in the constitutional convention that drafted Illinois' constitution in 1818.<div style="text-align: left;"><p data-sourcepos="1:1-1:481" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; white-space-collapse: preserve; word-break: break-word;">Elias Kent Kane left a lasting mark on the state of Illinois. Born in New York City in 1794, Kane pursued a legal education at Yale University. Shortly after graduating, he ventured west, finding himself in Nashville, Tennessee, for a brief period before moving on to Kaskaskia, then the capital of the Illinois Territory, in 1814. Kane's arrival proved fortuitous as he was quickly elevated to a territorial judge position, marking the beginning of an influential political career.</p><p data-sourcepos="3:1-3:465" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1rem 0px; white-space-collapse: preserve; word-break: break-word;">As Illinois moved toward statehood in 1818, Kane was a central delegate to the state's constitutional convention. He became a key figure in shaping the state's fundamental laws and earned the nickname "Father of the Illinois Constitution." In the same year, Kane was appointed Illinois' first Secretary of State. Ever ambitious, Kane won election to the United States Senate in 1824, serving as a Democratic senator until his untimely death in 1835.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="589" height="823" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWgBTKGLVw8eQxYs_Jht2a0XcbfYhpxW5DBmxPp1yiLmbzJMEPu9GAzEwOgMKBu4C17-owZBVay5g37FNaC-V9aEAlNN69EQEWdwaCKOTc-_zHFMVcdb5mKGf7gXpXM68O0twjBRrJqwV8apBa6JgIDMqMmYijlu3R_-4KT2WztVydO-GTRRnRVnoEqMo/w605-h823/10653326_1462726368.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="605" /></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Elias Kent Kane is buried in Evergreen Cemetery, at 501 West Holmes Street, Chester, Illinois, in the Kane family plot. The cenotaph[1] monument is located at the Congressional Cemetery at 1801 East Street SE, Washington, D.C., which was erected in Kane's honor because he died while serving in office as a United States Senator from Illinois.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Throughout his political career, Kane remained engaged in Illinois affairs and wielded power as part of an influential political faction. While not without controversy, his work helped to lay the foundations of government in the newly established state. Kane's legacy includes Kane County, Illinois, formed in his honor a year after his passing. Though initially buried in a family cemetery, Kane's remains were later reinterred in Evergreen Cemetery, Chester, Illinois. A cenotaph[1] stands in his honor at Washington's Congressional Cemetery.</span><div style="background-color: white; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; margin: 1rem 0px; text-align: left; white-space-collapse: preserve; word-break: break-word;"><b style="background-color: transparent; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><i>Early Life and Career</i></span></b></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; margin: 1rem 0px; text-align: left; white-space-collapse: preserve; word-break: break-word;"><b style="font-family: arial;">Born:</b><span style="font-family: arial;"> June 7, 1794, New York City</span></p></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="background-color: white; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1rem 0px; text-align: left; white-space-collapse: preserve; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Education:</b> Graduated from Yale College in 1813</span></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1rem 0px; text-align: left; white-space-collapse: preserve; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Initial Career:</b> Briefly practiced law in Nashville, Tennessee, before moving to Kaskaskia, Illinois Territory in 1814. He was appointed as a territorial judge almost immediately.</span></p></div><div style="text-align: left;"><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1rem 0px; text-align: left; white-space-collapse: preserve; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Move to Illinois:</b> Relocated to Kaskaskia, Illinois Territory in 1814 and was quickly appointed a territorial judge.</span></p></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><i>Role in Illinois Statehood</i></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Constitutional Convention:</b> A pivotal delegate to the 1818 convention that drafted the Illinois State Constitution.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>First Secretary of State:</b> Kane held the first-ever position as Secretary of State of Illinois from 1818 to 1824.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>U.S. Senate:</b> Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1824, serving from 1825 until he died in 1835. He was reelected in 1831.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>First Secretary of State (1818-1824):</b> Kane held the first-ever position as Secretary of State of Illinois.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>U.S. Senator (1825-1835):</b> Elected as a Democratic-Republican (later Jacksonian Democrat) to the U.S. Senate, where he served for two terms.</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><b style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><i><span style="color: red;">Political Views and Legacy</span></i></b></div><div><b style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><i><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></i></b></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Democratic Party:</b> A member of the Jacksonian Democratic Party.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Advocate of Internal Improvements:</b> Kane championed infrastructure development in Illinois, supporting projects like the Illinois and Michigan Canal.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Land Policy:</b> Played a significant role in shaping land policy in Illinois.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Kane County:</b> Though he never lived within its borders, Kane County, Illinois, was named in his honor in 1836.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Jacksonian Democrat</b></span><b style="font-family: arial;">:</b><span style="font-family: arial;"> Kane was a strong supporter of President Andrew Jackson.</span><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Advocate of Internal Improvements:</b> Kane championed infrastructure development in Illinois, supporting projects like the Illinois and Michigan Canal.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Controversial Figure:</b> His political alliances and dealings made him a somewhat controversial figure. Some historians argue he used his positions for personal and political gain.</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><b style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><i><span style="color: red;">Death and Burial</span></i></b></div><div><b style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><i><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></i></b></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Died:</b> December 12, 1835, in Washington, D.C., at age 41.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Burial:</b> Initially interred in a family cemetery, then reinterred at Evergreen Cemetery, Chester, Illinois.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Kane County, Illinois:</b> The county is named in his honor.</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><br /><hr /><br /><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>[1] </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>A cenotaph</b> is a monument built to honor a person or group of people whose remains lie elsewhere. The word comes from the Greek "kenos taphos," meaning "empty tomb."</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0Illinois, USA40.6331249 -89.398528312.322891063821153 -124.5547783 68.943358736178851 -54.242278299999995tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-36786750021957091192024-02-23T18:55:00.005-06:002024-02-23T18:55:45.806-06:00Daniel Pope Cook (Congressman, landowner).<div><span style="font-family: arial;">Daniel Pope Cook, known as the "Champion of Illinois Statehood," was a pivotal figure in Illinois' journey from territory to state. </span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDp70cvjCtXgtxej-h3VC9-w2v1HXF3OyZT5gsXflaNBy94Z5d5m-SWPG6FCl-3jwSNgXDlhKq947CBMeY8TG9DjG6Y1g2czmx7TR3B4PZ3s7PwSwQMTgW_mkLyI07KzGM9SGgLGt1itDngglHHSfcQoe9ghslRdsBM4MuF0gC6t6LxYYXdJzRUkjsX8w/s600/Daniel_Pope_Cook.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="431" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDp70cvjCtXgtxej-h3VC9-w2v1HXF3OyZT5gsXflaNBy94Z5d5m-SWPG6FCl-3jwSNgXDlhKq947CBMeY8TG9DjG6Y1g2czmx7TR3B4PZ3s7PwSwQMTgW_mkLyI07KzGM9SGgLGt1itDngglHHSfcQoe9ghslRdsBM4MuF0gC6t6LxYYXdJzRUkjsX8w/s16000/Daniel_Pope_Cook.png" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>Daniel Pope Cook</b></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">A young lawyer and landowner in early Springfield, Cook tirelessly advocated for statehood, writing persuasive articles and prodding the Illinois territorial legislature to take action. His efforts, including lobbying in Washington D.C., helped secure the Northwest Ordinance with its anti-slavery provisions, laying the groundwork for Illinois' future. After statehood, Cook served as Illinois' first Attorney General and later represented the state in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1819 to 1827. His legacy is honored through Cook County, Illinois, named in his memory, and his influence is further seen in his work on a diplomatic mission to Cuba and his co-ownership of the Illinois Intelligencer newspaper.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Daniel Pope Cook was born in Kentucky in 1794 and moved to Kaskaskia, Illinois, in 1815. There, he studied law under his uncle, Nathanial Pope, the U.S. congressman for the Illinois Territory. Cook was also mentored by his father-in-law, territorial Governor, and later state governor, Ninian Edwards.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Cook was named the territory's first auditor general in 1816, but soon after that, he went to Washington, D.C., to further his political career. President Monroe sent him on to London with dispatches for John Quincy Adams.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Cook returned to Illinois in November of 1817 and took it upon himself to write a very persuasive article for the newspaper in Edwardsville, which he co-owned, explaining why Illinois should become a state instead of a territory. The territorial legislature took up the call and, by December 10, sent off its appeal for statehood to Congress, where Nathanial Pope presented the document.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The legal process for statehood was finalized on December 3, 1818, making Illinois the 21st state of the union. Cook was elected Illinois' second representative in Congress after statehood and was re-elected three times. At the time, Illinois allowed only one representative; as that representative, Cook significantly impacted legislation affecting the state.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Daniel Pope Cook married Julia Catherine Edwards, daughter of Ninian and Elvira Edwards, on May 21, 1821. They had one child, John Cook (sometimes reported as John Pope Cook). He was only 2 years old when his father died in 1827. Julia Cook died three years later, and John Cook was raised by his grandparents, Ninian and Elvira Edwards.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">With statehood achieved and a treaty signed with indigenous tribes, numerous settlers were drawn into the central part of the state, known as "the Sangamo country." The area was known for well-drained prairies outlined by streams, woodlands with plentiful wildlife, and productive soil. The area remained federal land until surveys were completed and a land office opened for sales in 1823.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Sangamon County (much more significant than today) was created in 1821, and Cook took an interest in the newly created county. He had a cabin built and 10 acres of land plowed, thus making known his desire to purchase land.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Elijah Iles had built a store in the tiny Springfield community, designated the temporary county seat, and is credited with a movement to establish a platted town. Iles set about agreeing with other settlers not to bid against him and three other men at the land sales set for November 6, 1823.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Cook apparently intended to be one of the other three original buyers, along with John Kelley and John Taylor, as implied in an October 21, 1823, letter from Iles to Cook.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">However, the letter brought terrible news. Kelley had died, and the quarter section of land Taylor was to buy had been set aside as "seminary land," the sale of which was reserved and profits set aside for higher education.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">According to the letter, Cook also had dropped out of the plan, presumably because he was to run for a third term in Congress. The letter tells Cook, "Your improvement now goes in the name of Enos." </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">A document written by Pascal P. Enos later records that Cook had made improvements to the land, which Enos evidently purchased through a local intermediary, maybe Iles.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">On November 7, 1823, Iles, Enos, and Thomas Cox (replacing Kelley) purchased three planned quarter sections of land and platted a town. Taylor finally bought his quarter section a year late after a letter to the Governor resulted in its re-designation.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #00b400; font-family: Merriweather Sans; font-size: x-large;"><b>sidebar</b></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">Cook’s role in the development of Springfield confused the writers of an early county history and of a number of historical articles, all of which list Cook as one of the city’s four original proprietors. As explained above, his interest was real, but deed records do not show Cook buying land then.</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Cook visited the Sangamo area at least once, if not more often, as verified by an article in the Edwardsville Spectator on July 12, 1823. The article says Cook and Gov. Edward Coles were invited to the Springfield area for a Fourth of July celebration. Toasts were given to the two men, and then Cook gave a toast that was quoted in the newspaper. Iles was identified as another of those present. Unfortunately, what Iles and Cook may have discussed about a future town or what other meetings they may have had is unknown.</span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMTmmSJhMbqFEK5vn8UHgQDynNGBEDZYyDDGVIHDRTIDC2wt3QPGnzfYVO-iMkPKHXJxH6Vr90WIoVF6J0TC1ydX9xRw-EUFuRlgpx887Hj7pPMHOpL7Wacu6DUMgCUN9jNmmbafZ8fy_1yJnAZ0J7WXvTdJlkFSF1IUQyZQQjHYAC2obKyTYTsxPiwHw/s983/Cook%E2%80%99s%20land%20holdings%20in%20Springfield.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="983" data-original-width="768" height="860" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMTmmSJhMbqFEK5vn8UHgQDynNGBEDZYyDDGVIHDRTIDC2wt3QPGnzfYVO-iMkPKHXJxH6Vr90WIoVF6J0TC1ydX9xRw-EUFuRlgpx887Hj7pPMHOpL7Wacu6DUMgCUN9jNmmbafZ8fy_1yJnAZ0J7WXvTdJlkFSF1IUQyZQQjHYAC2obKyTYTsxPiwHw/w672-h860/Cook%E2%80%99s%20land%20holdings%20in%20Springfield.jpg" width="672" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>1855 Springfield map shows Cook's land holdings in Springfield, Illinois. His purchases from Iles are in blue; those from Enos are in green. Cox purchase not shown.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In 1826, after losing his bid for a fifth term in Congress, Cook again showed an interest in Springfield. This time, he bought land from Iles, Enos and Cox. In February, he purchased from Enos seven town lots and a 16¼-acre outlot for $50, along with three town lots and another 16¼-acre outlot, also for $50, from Iles. In May 1827, Cook paid Cox $100 for a 26-acre tract.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Although respected, intelligent, politically astute, sociable, and an eloquent speaker, Cook was physically frail. He died at age 33 on October 16, 1827. He was memorialized four years later when Cook County was named.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In Springfield, Daniel Pope Cook is remembered by a street name. In 1836, Iles filed the plat for a 27-block addition to Springfield in anticipation of the town becoming the state capital. He named its east/west streets Market, Jackson, Edwards, and Cook.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Market (today's Capitol Avenue) got that name because Iles set aside an area between Ninth and Tenth Streets for a vendor market. Iles presumably chose Jackson following the original town plan's pattern of using presidents' names; Andrew Jackson was President then. Edwards Street honored Ninian Edwards.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Finally, Iles named a street after the man whose legislative work helped advance Illinois and with whom he had had a personal acquaintance: the late Daniel Pope Cook.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div>After Daniel Cook's death, his Springfield land was auctioned to pay a debt. It was purchased by the widow Elvira Edwards. At Elvira's death in 1839, her son, Benjamin S. Edwards and grandson, John P. Cook, were heirs to the land.</div><div><br /></div><div>Daniel P. Cook's name does appear on the James L. Lamb obelisk. (Only parts of the name are now readable; the other information given is illegible.) Why is Cook's name on the Lamb family marker? Lamb's daughter Susan married Daniel Cook's son, John Pope Cook. John and Susan Lamb Cook have individual stones at their graves in the Lamb family plot. Cook is memorialized at Oak Ridge but not buried there.</div><div><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The Cook name also lived on in Springfield through Daniel Cook's only son, John Cook, a Civil War brigadier general and mayor of Springfield, and his grandsons, John Crammer, James L. and William J. Cook.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0Springfield, IL, USA39.781721300000008 -89.650148111.471487463821163 -124.8063981 68.091955136178854 -54.493898099999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-23983748410317169382024-02-18T15:27:00.005-06:002024-02-19T13:04:15.709-06:00The New Cook County Flag, Explained. (2021)<div><span style="font-family: arial;">In celebration and recognition of the 190th anniversary (2021) of the founding of Cook County, the Cook County Board of Commissioners unanimously voted to create a contest to redesign Cook County's flag in December 2019.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The Flag Advisory Panel received nearly 300 submissions from students at 40 schools throughout Cook County and narrowed the field to 25 semifinalist teams in 2020.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The top 25 semifinalist teams were selected by an appointed Flag Advisory Panel. In December 2020, semifinalist teams were paired with volunteer professional design mentors to clarify and refine the students' artwork, symbolism, and descriptions. The Flag Advisory Panel selected the top six finalist flag designs based on composition and representation in July 2021. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd5roZoGYbpeqODcWpYoscLw_wtHyLVeF1CXt1Ukvmtz69wLpNUDwgfXcm-BxI65oSDu050VfUBPbi-lVbJFKHnscdxJdpt-Vqj_uL9aiWzd_fbv3vLRlZ_3oLRc-RKpJLhOzeXE-2a-hvbQII5sG7LNzHDYFcNHI3A_srYKdiveqTVRdZQ1kaxNTiCZ0/s1291/I-WILL-COOK-COUNTY-FLAG.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="779" data-original-width="1291" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd5roZoGYbpeqODcWpYoscLw_wtHyLVeF1CXt1Ukvmtz69wLpNUDwgfXcm-BxI65oSDu050VfUBPbi-lVbJFKHnscdxJdpt-Vqj_uL9aiWzd_fbv3vLRlZ_3oLRc-RKpJLhOzeXE-2a-hvbQII5sG7LNzHDYFcNHI3A_srYKdiveqTVRdZQ1kaxNTiCZ0/w670-h404/I-WILL-COOK-COUNTY-FLAG.png" width="670" /></a></div>The "I Will" flag, designed by Drew Duffy and Martin Burciaga, has been named the official new flag of Cook County. It's a representation of our lands, culture, history, and the core values that bring us together — different from a depiction of the physical boundaries that separate. The flag ensures that we reflect on the past while focusing on what we will build moving forward and continue striving to make the best County we can.</span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBqOIyyYYhI9-DfSUHbD3OELnjpRJQavya5S4cr7l0gEf1rrHcVF25bOD5Wa_Dv-NRhPgBAVVt89ebBx4uVbunY4vkgTJXy0JgUnXsGOADFU2ztYDmFLgrjbreomsw1T1riLG2AUe-qT1fW434uqh_x3qBsBGY8ixOCMc7QTnkhfgY5jx27bcY4w-8yng/s1024/COOK-COUNTY-ILLINOIS-GOVERNMENT-PLANE.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="679" data-original-width="1024" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBqOIyyYYhI9-DfSUHbD3OELnjpRJQavya5S4cr7l0gEf1rrHcVF25bOD5Wa_Dv-NRhPgBAVVt89ebBx4uVbunY4vkgTJXy0JgUnXsGOADFU2ztYDmFLgrjbreomsw1T1riLG2AUe-qT1fW434uqh_x3qBsBGY8ixOCMc7QTnkhfgY5jx27bcY4w-8yng/w671-h444/COOK-COUNTY-ILLINOIS-GOVERNMENT-PLANE.png" width="671" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Looks Great!</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div>The "I Will" Cook County flag. Blue symbolizes the County's great lake and rivers, green for natural lands and riverbanks, red for social change, and the blank canvas of white for the innovation that has thrived and is to come. </div><div><br /></div><div>The central "Y" shape highlights the regional rivers joining at <b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2018/11/wolf-point-beginnings-in-chicago-illinois.html" target="_blank">Wolf Point</a></b> while harkening back to the original County Seal, and the <b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2017/05/chicagos-i-will-motto-and-y-municipal.html" target="_blank">"Y" symbol of the municipal device of Chicago</a></b> is used throughout Chicago to promote pride in the city.</div></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div><div>Each of the seven points on the star represents each County region, the city of Chicago, and the Forest Preserves, which join together to symbolize residents' unity. The six stars represent six foundational moments marking who we are. The founding of Cook County. Our commitment to health care through the founding of Cook County Hospitals Stroger and Provident. Defeating disparities through the founding of the Cook County Department of Public Health. The preservation of national lands through the founding of the Cook County Forest Preserves. Cook County's historic efforts in family and juvenile justice reform and local business partnerships.</div><div><br /></div><div>Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0Cook County, IL, USA41.7376587 -87.69755413.427424863821152 -122.853804 70.047892536178836 -52.541304tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-41632911964219581342024-02-17T21:26:00.005-06:002024-02-18T02:31:10.536-06:00Lucy Ella Gonzales Parsons: A Force in the Fight for a Better World.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">On March 7, 1942, fire engulfed the simple home of 91-year-old Lucy Gonzales Parsons at 3130 North Troy Street. It ended</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> a life dedicated to liberating working women and men of the world from capitalism and racial oppression. </span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMfZRaw-PSN3mVao4nDI_CPRIsQuJr-e85oFaXqZcEBRPeHRi83P5toU_XFEFBArDhB00PqUh0dtJKjOoRqf0IVD8SknqBleCA_fQHCUy4HBlnPeFhe7Vkl7q6iYaN0AMGxyG9wduvCp0P6nXYnlBoawKaB8nRxsjSvvTKyPLw8QqLeYAMkBUZjoOrxe4/s928/Lucy_Parsons_1886.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="928" data-original-width="672" height="779" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMfZRaw-PSN3mVao4nDI_CPRIsQuJr-e85oFaXqZcEBRPeHRi83P5toU_XFEFBArDhB00PqUh0dtJKjOoRqf0IVD8SknqBleCA_fQHCUy4HBlnPeFhe7Vkl7q6iYaN0AMGxyG9wduvCp0P6nXYnlBoawKaB8nRxsjSvvTKyPLw8QqLeYAMkBUZjoOrxe4/w565-h779/Lucy_Parsons_1886.jpg" width="565" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Lucy Parsons, 1886.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><b style="color: #00b400;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans; font-size: x-large;">sidebar</span></b></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;"><div style="text-align: left;">George Markstall, second husband of Lucy Parsons, blind anarchist whose first husband was hanged for his part in the Haymarket riot of 1886, died last night in Belmont Hospital of burns suffered in the same that took Mrs. Parsons' life Saturday. She was burned to death in the flat they occupied at 3130 North Troy Street. Markstall, 72 years old, tried unsuccessfully to save Mrs. Parsons from the burning building. Firemen Found him overcome in a bedroom. Mrs. Parsons, 91 years old, was found dead in the kitchen.</div></span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;"><div style="text-align: left;"> Source: Chicago Tribune, Monday, March 09, 1942, pg 16.</div></span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">A dynamic, militant, self-educated public speaker and writer, she became the first American negro woman to carry her crusade for socialism across the country and overseas. Lucy Ella Gonzales was born in Texas in 1851 (the year is questionable) of African-American, Mexican and Native-American ancestry </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and was born into slavery. The path she chose after emancipation led to conflict with the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), hard work, painful personal losses, and many nights in jail. </span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg3nphsL1lffeZRVVZ8aCHig1gmIdN4pGfAWrfFb6bUD6O5EBBW1covdQCW5VOShf9jUVyZQOKWxSgPZ6mD44gDcEXwQ47AhOsdxxEB50k9MRBaqEMUauH2wZ5kvfSo708fLlNKdu9yqkOOEDj1xy_vqVlUq6a0ccYxLrYdt8hA8i1yBMk0JUEQh66R74/s1347/Albert_Parsons.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1347" data-original-width="1142" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg3nphsL1lffeZRVVZ8aCHig1gmIdN4pGfAWrfFb6bUD6O5EBBW1covdQCW5VOShf9jUVyZQOKWxSgPZ6mD44gDcEXwQ47AhOsdxxEB50k9MRBaqEMUauH2wZ5kvfSo708fLlNKdu9yqkOOEDj1xy_vqVlUq6a0ccYxLrYdt8hA8i1yBMk0JUEQh66R74/w542-h640/Albert_Parsons.jpg" width="542" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>Albert Parsons</b></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In Albert Parsons, a white man whose Waco Spectator fought the KKK and demanded social and political equality for Negroes, she found a handsome, committed soul mate. The white supremacy forces in Texas considered the couple dangerous and their marriage illegal, and soon drove them from the state.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Arriving In Chicago</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Lucy and Albert reached Chicago, where they began a family and threw themselves into two new militant movements, one to build strong industrial unions and the other to agitate for socialism. Lucy concentrated on organizing working women, and Albert became a famous radical organizer and speaker, one of the few important union leaders in Chicago who was not an immigrant.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;"><div><span style="color: #00b400; font-size: x-large;"><b>sidebar</b></span></div></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;"><div>The late labor history scholar Bill Adelman wrote what is the definitive story of Haymarket. A paragraph from his description indicates the significance of the event and the horrors that all involved endured:</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;"><div><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;"><div>"The next day, martial law was declared in Chicago and throughout the nation. Anti-labor governments around the world used the Chicago incident to crush local union movements. In Chicago, labor leaders were rounded up, houses were entered without search warrants, and union newspapers were closed down. Eventually, eight men, representing a cross-section of the labor movement, were selected to be tried. Among them were (Albert) Parsons and a young carpenter named Louis Lingg, who was accused of throwing the bomb. Lingg had witnesses to prove he was over a mile away at the time. The two-month-long trial ranks as one of the most notorious in American history. The Chicago Tribune even offered to pay money to the jury if it found the eight men guilty."</div></span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In 1886, the couple and their two children stepped onto Michigan Avenue to lead 80,000 working people in the world's first May Day parade and a demand for the eight-hour workday. A new international holiday was born as more than 100,000 marched in other U.S. cities. By then, Chicago's wealthy industrial and banking elite had targeted Albert and other radical figures for elimination — to decapitate the growing union movement. A protest rally called by Albert a few days after May Day became known as the <b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2017/03/the-haymarket-affair-of-1886-aka.html" target="_blank">Haymarket Riot</a></b> when seven Chicago policemen died in a bomb blast. No evidence has ever been found pointing to those who made or detonated the bomb, but Parsons and seven immigrant union leaders were arrested. As the corporate media whipped up patriotic and law-and-order fervor, a rigged legal system rushed the eight to convictions and death sentences.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">When Lucy led the campaign to win a new trial, one Chicago official called her <b><i>"more dangerous than a thousand rioters."</i></b> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Albert Parsons was </span>framed and tried for the Haymarket bombing, which is generally attributed to a police provocateur. <span style="font-family: arial;">Parsons wasn't even present at Haymarket but cared for the couple's two children while Lucy Parsons was organizing a meeting of garment workers. After the Haymarket legal conspiracy, Lucy led the campaign to free her husband. </span>Parson was one of eight who were convicted and one of four hanged on November 11, 1887. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">When Albert and three other comrades were executed, and four others were sentenced to prison, the movement for industrial unions and the eight-hour day was beheaded. Lucy, far from discouraged, accelerated her actions. Though she had lost Albert — and two years later lost her young daughter to illness — Lucy continued her crusade against capitalism and war and exonerated "the Haymarket Martyrs." She led poor women into affluent neighborhoods "to confront the rich on their doorsteps," challenged politicians at public meetings, marched on picket lines, and continued to address and write political tracts for workers' groups far beyond Chicago.</span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMcgzdCH2YlUdhnsc09vdn3qRVxfDFqSMyT790z0MtqxOrvoLfIDqhxGuUmQBvGQITi7-Fb1KV3hVcnTwOjrbFuQVcWjh6tRdZGtcOO7ABVxkrv8aneWTXiMYPzqIuJfPcJ-KzOpisKBqGgwvZX-mKagODwPx5KyzD-RBsMFwe4lrNXHMgzhQtAN_asiY/s669/17309788_1661613614141899_6640431247313132497_n.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="669" data-original-width="448" height="789" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMcgzdCH2YlUdhnsc09vdn3qRVxfDFqSMyT790z0MtqxOrvoLfIDqhxGuUmQBvGQITi7-Fb1KV3hVcnTwOjrbFuQVcWjh6tRdZGtcOO7ABVxkrv8aneWTXiMYPzqIuJfPcJ-KzOpisKBqGgwvZX-mKagODwPx5KyzD-RBsMFwe4lrNXHMgzhQtAN_asiY/w528-h789/17309788_1661613614141899_6640431247313132497_n.jpg" width="528" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Lucy Parsons</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Though Lucy had justified direct action against those who used violence against workers, in 1905, she suggested a very different strategy. She was one of only two women delegates (the other was <b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2016/12/the-life-and-times-of-mary-harris.html" target="_blank">Mother Jones</a></b>) among the 200 men at the founding convention of the militant Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and the only woman to speak. First, she advocated a measure close to her heart when she called women "the slaves of slaves" and urged IWW delegates to fight for equality and assess underpaid women's lower union fees.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In a longer speech, she called for nonviolence that would have broad meaning for the world's protest movements. She told delegates workers shouldn't "strike and go out and starve, but to strike and remain in and take possession of the necessary property of production." A year later, Mahatma Gandhi, speaking to fellow Indians at the Johannesburg Empire Theater, advocated nonviolence to fight colonialism. However, he was still 25 years away from leading fellow Indians in nonviolent marches against India's British rulers. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">She led many demonstrations of the unemployed, homeless and hungry, including a memorable 1915 Poor People's March of the Unemployed of over 15,000 people in Chicago on January 17, 1915, where "Solidarity Forever" was sung for the first time. WWI songwriter Ralph Chaplin had finished writing "Solidarity Forever" two days prior. Marchers demanded relief from hunger and high levels of unemployment.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The demonstration also persuaded the American Federation of Labor, the <a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2019/03/the-life-and-times-of-jane-addams.html" target="_blank"><b>Jane Addams' Hull House,</b></a> and the Socialist Party to participate in a subsequent massive demonstration on February 12, 1915.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Eventually, Lucy Parsons' principle traveled to the U.S. sit-down strikers of the 1930s, Dr. King and the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, the antiwar movements that followed, and finally to today's Arab Spring and the Occupy movements.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Lucy was an unrelenting agitator, leading picket lines and speaking to workers' audiences in the United States before trade union meetings in England. In February 1941, poor and living on a pension for the blind, the Farm Equipment Workers Union asked Lucy Parsons to give an inspirational speech to its workers, and a few months later, she rode as the guest of honor on its May Day parade float. </span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX3iiwwjz83SV7ZGu_hMffwA2UxRPosUGtH9MImICGnLz30cO-La5OzbX9Vz0-xTMG1wsIhICoGp268Wji-DeMYj7tL7XQwTWVJpMAKuGmTHBYsZCMZnuQJIQy7eERgzR8xAaNP8XwBJuHKkJz7f7oKTnOGW1PppVGRMX4-LvN8rR88w47Zd7U-zkTGc8/s400/8793_137797937225.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="269" height="831" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX3iiwwjz83SV7ZGu_hMffwA2UxRPosUGtH9MImICGnLz30cO-La5OzbX9Vz0-xTMG1wsIhICoGp268Wji-DeMYj7tL7XQwTWVJpMAKuGmTHBYsZCMZnuQJIQy7eERgzR8xAaNP8XwBJuHKkJz7f7oKTnOGW1PppVGRMX4-LvN8rR88w47Zd7U-zkTGc8/w559-h831/8793_137797937225.jpg" width="559" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Lucy Parsons</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">For years, Lucy Parsons was harassed by the Chicago Police Department, who often arrested her on phony charges to prevent her from speaking at mass meetings. Following her death in a suspicious fire at her home, the police and FBI confiscated all her personal papers and writings. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Federal and local lawmen arrived at the gutted Parsons home to make sure her legacy died with her. They poked through the wreckage, confiscated her vast library and personal writings, and never returned them. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Lucy Parsons' determined effort to elevate and inspire the oppressed to take command remained alive among those who knew, heard, and loved her. But few today are aware of her insights, courage, and tenacity. Despite her fertile mind, writing and oratorical skills, and striking beauty, Lucy Parsons has not found a place in school texts, social studies curricula, or Hollywood movies. Yet she has earned a prominent place in the long fight for a better life for working people, women, people of color, her country, and her world.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Her fighting spirit and contributions to improving this world will not be forgotten via the exposed history.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798213.567879763821153 -122.7860482 70.188347436178844 -52.473548199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-66512517261008714932024-02-16T13:36:00.009-06:002024-03-14T13:15:58.615-05:00Here are some reasons why Chicago's property grid system isn't completely perfect.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">Chicago's property grid is often questioned about its imperfections. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Historical Development</b></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><b>Non-Uniform Expansion:</b></i> The grid didn't expand uniformly over time. Chicago grew in fits and starts, leading to irregularities where older, smaller grids joined newer ones. This mismatch can cause streets to jog or have unusual widths, disrupting seamless transitions.</span></div></blockquote><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwH4PBAEjNJwDBRCCaXE81njfHqEY2mWE-jI2YvTT2-ZXFuZQupa895CIXHyQyyKU0zuZBxONQKWkxau8B4_TReAsokjJPJS21hO7x7XOv9MnHvSW-wvR83N9Arl9-fNOhoqB9Z3cDNN7CBSJhwRyd1-tcB1Hnp-qhf9vskDSxEf3zrSAojVflgabSdOI/s1484/1830%20Original%20plat%20map%20of%20Chicago%20by%20James%20Thompson.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="965" data-original-width="1484" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwH4PBAEjNJwDBRCCaXE81njfHqEY2mWE-jI2YvTT2-ZXFuZQupa895CIXHyQyyKU0zuZBxONQKWkxau8B4_TReAsokjJPJS21hO7x7XOv9MnHvSW-wvR83N9Arl9-fNOhoqB9Z3cDNN7CBSJhwRyd1-tcB1Hnp-qhf9vskDSxEf3zrSAojVflgabSdOI/w668-h434/1830%20Original%20plat%20map%20of%20Chicago%20by%20James%20Thompson.jpg" width="668" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">1830 Original plat map of Chicago by James Thompson. From the plat map of Chicago, you can see that the Chicago River disrupted the perfect grid.</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="color: red;"><br /></div><div style="color: red;"><br /></div><div style="color: red;"><b><br /><br /></b></div><div style="color: red;"><br /></div><div><b><span style="color: #00b400; font-size: medium;">STREETS CONFIRMED TO BE FORMER INDIAN TRAILS:</span></b></div><div style="color: red;"><b style="color: black;"><i>Diagonal Roads:</i> </b><span style="color: black;">Older diagonal roads and Native American trails cut through the grid at angles, creating unusual intersection shapes and impacting block formation.</span></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><b>Archer Avenue:</b> Followed a trail connecting Potawatomi villages near the Des Plaines River to Lake Michigan.</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><b>Clark Street:</b> Part of an ancient trail following a glacial ridge, used by various tribes for centuries.</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><b>Lincoln Avenue:</b> Traced part of an extensive trail system connecting Lake Michigan to Green Bay.</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><b>Milwaukee Avenue:</b> Followed a well-established trail connecting Milwaukee to Chicago and beyond.</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><b>Ogden Avenue:</b> Based on a Potawatomi trail leading from the Des Plaines River to present-day Joliet.</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><b>Ridge Boulevard:</b> Originally known as "Indian Ridge," it followed a high-ground trail used by Potawatomi and Miami tribes.</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><b>Vincennes Avenue:</b> Followed a trail connecting the Wabash River to Lake Michigan, used for trade and travel.</div></span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="color: #00b400; font-size: medium;">STREETS POTENTIALLY BASED ON INDIAN TRAILS:</span></b></div></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><b>Clybourn Avenue:</b> Possibly followed a branch of the Milwaukee Avenue trail.</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><b>Cottage Grove Avenue:</b> Likely followed a trail used by Potawatomi and other tribes.</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><b>Elston Avenue: </b>It may have been part of a trail connecting the Chicago River to the Des Plaines River.</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div></span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #00b400; font-family: Merriweather Sans; font-size: x-large;"><b>sidebar</b></span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">Elston Avenue begins at 830 North Milwaukee Avenue, and ends at 6088 North Milwaukee Avenue, Chicago.</span><span style="font-family: "Merriweather Sans";"> </span></blockquote></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><b>Grand Avenue:</b> It could have been part of a network of trails leading west from Chicago.</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><b>Higgins Road:</b> Might have been based on a trail connecting the Des Plaines River to Skokie Valley.</div></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Indian Boundary Road:</b> Named for the territorial boundary established by the Treaty of St. Louis in 1816 between the Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi tribes and the United States government.</span> </div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgcA5u2f9wsHR1AVZhqEAymUGD3I0h6VlDNS9XXuYPjtWHHeW0qUUu_uv5J3EeUePAgbJzWetBgsbf0to0MI8i7fm4JeIhZ0k2yqD-kgYR2kz4IIjB6pvJsMh6kQ1WGxGTfwSW7hGv0StezQwNi1EXoZ5buh8i9cG1-7XZwOBXBZ_mIg9GKdfdXAWUYHM/s663/Rogers-Park-Street-Map-Showing-Indian-Boundary-Road.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="663" height="347" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgcA5u2f9wsHR1AVZhqEAymUGD3I0h6VlDNS9XXuYPjtWHHeW0qUUu_uv5J3EeUePAgbJzWetBgsbf0to0MI8i7fm4JeIhZ0k2yqD-kgYR2kz4IIjB6pvJsMh6kQ1WGxGTfwSW7hGv0StezQwNi1EXoZ5buh8i9cG1-7XZwOBXBZ_mIg9GKdfdXAWUYHM/w628-h347/Rogers-Park-Street-Map-Showing-Indian-Boundary-Road.jpg" width="628" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"><b><a href="http://livinghistoryofillinois.com/download/Rogers-Park-Street-Map-Showing-Indian-Boundary-Road.jpg" target="_blank">CLICK THE MAP FOR AN ENLARGED VIEW</a></b></span><br style="font-family: arial;" /><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Map of Rogers Park and later the West Ridge communities showing <i>Indian Boundary Road</i>. Kenilworth Road is Touhy Avenue today. </b></span><b style="color: red;">Interested in the 'LAKE' at Pratt and Kedzie? <a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2018/12/looking-north-from-the-clay-pit-from-the-top-of-gas-tank-at-albion-and-albany-avenues-chicago-1945.html" target="_blank">Click Here.</a></b></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></blockquote><p><br /></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: arial;">S</b><b style="font-family: arial;">heridan Road:</b><span style="font-family: arial;"> Potentially traced a trail used by Potawatomi and Sauk tribes.</span></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #00b400; line-height: 107%;">GEOGRAPHICAL CONSTRAINTS</span></b></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><b>Lake Michigan:</b></i> The lake limits eastward expansion, forcing the grid to abruptly end or bend to align with the coastline.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><b>Chicago River </b></i></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><i>and Bodies of Water</i></b><i style="font-family: arial;"><b>:</b></i><span style="font-family: arial;"> The river meanders through the city, leading to irregular block sizes and shapes where the grid has to adjust to its bends.</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #00b400; line-height: 107%;">PRACTICAL ADJUSTMENTS AND HUMAN
INTERVENTION</span></b><br /></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><b>Railroads:</b></i> Railroads required rights-of-way that often cut diagonally across the grid, causing fragmentation in the street pattern.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><b>Expressways:</b></i> Building expressways through the city involved significant alterations to the street grid, sometimes disrupting flow and continuity.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><b>Subdivisions:</b></i> Individual, smaller subdivisions within the larger community grid might use their own modified grid systems, contributing to minor irregularities.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-weight: 700;"><i>Major Events:</i></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f;">The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed large swaths of the city, and even though much of the rebuilding adhered to the grid, this event had lasting impacts on the layout in some areas.</span></span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><i>Neighborhood Variations:</i></b> Within the grid, the precise sizes of blocks and streets can vary between different neighborhoods.</span></p></blockquote><div><b style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #00b400; font-size: medium;">DESPITE IMPERFECTIONS, THE BENEFITS
OUTWEIGH THE FLAWS</span></span></b><br /></b></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;">While not completely without kinks, the Chicago grid still provides numerous advantages:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><i>Easy Navigation:</i> </b>The grid's overall simplicity makes navigation relatively easy compared to cities with less organized street patterns.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><b>Addressing:</b></i> The grid has a logical numbering system, making addresses predictable and easy to understand.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><b>Land Division:</b></i> The grid system simplified land division for purchase and development.</span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><i>Historical Narrative:</i></b> The non-grid elements reflect Chicago's historical evolution and growth. </span></p></blockquote><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA1p2eK2FVBxXilvIgJh-Xq2s_VS5Eg0Q3ssv3wllj2gQXHM35GzEfB_n75F_0q6JbmUvv2vbzDqc022Ad7agZqxEadi-x87_iMetrX_mBoGBUbyQ49ZJnq4xhNEOa-GjgZiaE2iXgBhNTd7elTJD1DPrux3NpMwUCBTDsfQA5xvkUpnRCCkOkSdIfqSQ/s564/Crawford%20and%20North%20Avenue,%20Chicago%20-%201947.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="564" height="531" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA1p2eK2FVBxXilvIgJh-Xq2s_VS5Eg0Q3ssv3wllj2gQXHM35GzEfB_n75F_0q6JbmUvv2vbzDqc022Ad7agZqxEadi-x87_iMetrX_mBoGBUbyQ49ZJnq4xhNEOa-GjgZiaE2iXgBhNTd7elTJD1DPrux3NpMwUCBTDsfQA5xvkUpnRCCkOkSdIfqSQ/w669-h531/Crawford%20and%20North%20Avenue,%20Chicago%20-%201947.jpg" width="669" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Looking North on Pulaski Road (Crawford Avenue) towards North Avenue, Chicago, 1947.</span></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: arial; font-weight: 700;" /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #00b400; font-size: medium;">ADDITIONAL DATA POINTS</span></b></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2019/11/plank-road-history-in-the-chicago-area.html" target="_blank"><b>Plank Road History in the Chicago area.</b></a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2020/04/why-north-south-chicago-streets-jog-at-north-avenue.html" target="_blank"><b>Why the North-South Chicago Streets Don't Align at North Avenue.</b></a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2017/12/difference-between-a-chicago-community-and-a-chicago-neighborhood_31.html" style="font-family: arial;" target="_blank"><b>A Primer about the difference between a Chicago Community and a Neighborhood.</b></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2023/07/why-chicago-changed-street-names-and-address-numbers-in-1909.html" target="_blank"><b>Why Chicago Changed Street Names and Address Numbers in 1909.</b></a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2017/04/why-chicago-has-multilevel-streets.html" target="_blank"><b>Why does Chicago have Multilevel Streets?</b></a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2016/12/why-is-chicagos-catalpa-avenue-between.html" target="_blank"><b>Why is Chicago's Catalpa Avenue between Western and Lincoln Avenues so wide?</b></a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com2Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798213.567879763821153 -122.7860482 70.188347436178844 -52.473548199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-74563476607214468852024-01-26T21:48:00.030-06:002024-01-30T17:20:16.795-06:00Merchandise Mart in Chicago, History and Little Known Facts.<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Merchandise Mart, 222 Merchandise Mart Plaza, a colossal monolith on the Chicago River, boasts a rich history as grand as scale and as vibrant as the city itself. From its Art Deco beginnings to its modern-day transformation as a tech hub, I delve into the whole story of this iconic Chicago landmark:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the roaring 1920s, Chicago retail titan Marshall Field & Company envisioned a revolutionary concept: a single, centralized marketplace for wholesale goods. Enter James Simpson, the company's visionary President, who commissioned the construction of the 4.2 million square feet Merchandise Mart. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7t8rlr3PtdO6dTVhZnxWeUDg83Hy80HMEumbJjlmSNnIq4N3rk0inp4Xc2Gr5vtxxFIAxDDWyEmiES_ao5k80SkqFVtRKOWBh7dWhLsOexunB3wqX9xy1ADEvHkCuC6qUNItursENtDh-QQGhvmXsBjGKJydoNFuzOdv-s70osTVepg-HAkEumZKLbRE/s1278/Merchandise%20Mart,%20Chicago%2000.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1019" data-original-width="1278" height="533" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7t8rlr3PtdO6dTVhZnxWeUDg83Hy80HMEumbJjlmSNnIq4N3rk0inp4Xc2Gr5vtxxFIAxDDWyEmiES_ao5k80SkqFVtRKOWBh7dWhLsOexunB3wqX9xy1ADEvHkCuC6qUNItursENtDh-QQGhvmXsBjGKJydoNFuzOdv-s70osTVepg-HAkEumZKLbRE/w668-h533/Merchandise%20Mart,%20Chicago%2000.jpg" width="668" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>The Merchandise Mart is under construction, seen from the Lake Street Bridge in 1929. —Chicago Tribune historical photo.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Transforming the site of the historic Wells Street Station site, construction began in 1928; by 1930, the behemoth stood tall, dwarfing its surroundings. At the time, the Mart was the largest building in the world by floor space, a title it held for over a decade. Its imposing Art Deco facade, adorned with geometric patterns and stylized eagles, reflected the era's optimism and grandeur.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimcjBW0Uf89GnHr3J-YrhKPB0DA7bH2pMrVInkw3atLSNyriDS3U8FdWSwjg034fBEhbmoyyE3KY4G7HzL7ta8iy3BpbHqqacnhbqAagzY1Gsgw0jJj-N3QHSkkeXIAZW1cYQr-uwj5fVuFyq1ToqxF1OomzCGrWvBWFTjAQiGWFUYMOMm5ot-7SUbAKc/s1280/Merchandise%20Mart,%20Chicago%2000a.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1046" data-original-width="1280" height="549" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimcjBW0Uf89GnHr3J-YrhKPB0DA7bH2pMrVInkw3atLSNyriDS3U8FdWSwjg034fBEhbmoyyE3KY4G7HzL7ta8iy3BpbHqqacnhbqAagzY1Gsgw0jJj-N3QHSkkeXIAZW1cYQr-uwj5fVuFyq1ToqxF1OomzCGrWvBWFTjAQiGWFUYMOMm5ot-7SUbAKc/w670-h549/Merchandise%20Mart,%20Chicago%2000a.jpg" width="670" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><b>The view of the new Merchandise Mart was still under construction in 1929.<br />—Chicago Tribune historical photo</b></span><span style="text-align: start;">.</span></td><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Mart, designed by Alfred P. Shaw of Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, embraced the Art Deco aesthetic. Its sleek lines, geometric forms, and limestone-terracotta cladding exuded modernity and ambition. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Mart wasn't just a building; it was a self-contained city. It housed Field's wholesale showrooms, manufacturing facilities, and a plethora of amenities for tenants and visitors alike. Restaurants, banks, post offices, and even a telegraph office buzzed with activity, making the Mart a bustling hub of commerce.<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS9DZyXah90Ut-CHis2oVj-jiZhHLvTGGPB1__OPJMGfDbf7T5rX8Ztj7ThxXRsLYXGLw6OH-3RruR7l9i-871IbyqVB73O84K6ENkBEfw8Qbu_GqsqfZXUkvDe5ATM6Kajk9cap7eyI4khQlK3nKiLXNZFW9MbgMI4SSVwbyzhsabtAIbmhGf3dneaZ4/s1280/Merchandise%20Mart,%20Chicago%2000e.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="840" data-original-width="1280" height="439" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS9DZyXah90Ut-CHis2oVj-jiZhHLvTGGPB1__OPJMGfDbf7T5rX8Ztj7ThxXRsLYXGLw6OH-3RruR7l9i-871IbyqVB73O84K6ENkBEfw8Qbu_GqsqfZXUkvDe5ATM6Kajk9cap7eyI4khQlK3nKiLXNZFW9MbgMI4SSVwbyzhsabtAIbmhGf3dneaZ4/w669-h439/Merchandise%20Mart,%20Chicago%2000e.jpg" width="669" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>An aerial view of the Merchandise Mart in 1930. <br /></b></span><b style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">—</b><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Chicago Tribune historical photo.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Mart's official opening in 1930 was a momentous occasion. It housed Field's wholesale showrooms, manufacturing facilities, restaurants, a bank, a post office, a telegraph office and a plethora of amenities for tenants and visitors alike. It was a self-contained city within a city. However, the Great Depression soon cast a shadow, making it initially challenging to fill the vast space.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #00b400; font-family: Merriweather Sans; font-size: x-large;"><b>sidebar</b></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">The Merchandise Mart was once the largest building in the world by floor space, a title it held until the Pentagon's construction in 1943.</span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The Great Depression threw a wrench in the Mart's initial success. The wholesale market dwindled, forcing the Mart to diversify. Over the years, it transitioned from a purely wholesale center to a multi-purpose complex, welcoming office tenants and diverse businesses.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">It housed manufacturing facilities for war materials during World War II (1939-1945). The legendary Kennedy family acquired the Merchandise Mart in 1945, ushering in a new ownership era. Under their guidance, the Mart continued to evolve, adapting to the changing times. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd9QU_-lZvDhDwHAsfc-4LDoHQ4GHtUHrcFuG8GoKabyNy-DaQpifqBCkNTQnCql5M80BjhfX848ay0SDsOvjqcaAkAG5Twir3LgpqSuqn4wvNvAYsZc4Zb4Uck76q7t23Me4FAxcjRtn0NWHvGPOagAUYbUwv2oxjsfrzFxbA9lR7Mn1pB_eQVEevuY0/s1280/Merchandise%20Mart,%20Chicago%2000b.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1015" data-original-width="1280" height="533" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd9QU_-lZvDhDwHAsfc-4LDoHQ4GHtUHrcFuG8GoKabyNy-DaQpifqBCkNTQnCql5M80BjhfX848ay0SDsOvjqcaAkAG5Twir3LgpqSuqn4wvNvAYsZc4Zb4Uck76q7t23Me4FAxcjRtn0NWHvGPOagAUYbUwv2oxjsfrzFxbA9lR7Mn1pB_eQVEevuY0/w671-h533/Merchandise%20Mart,%20Chicago%2000b.jpg" width="671" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>The Merchandise Mart in 1949.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the 1950s, it found new life as a center for design and architecture.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #00b400; font-family: Merriweather Sans; font-size: x-large;"><b>sidebar</b></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: "Merriweather Sans";">The building's rooftop was used as a landing pad for helicopters during the early days of air travel by helicopter. In 1953, New York Airways became the first scheduled passenger helicopter air carrier in the United States. In the 1950s and 1960s, "helicopter airlines" operated in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, carrying people to and from the airport at high fares. </span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRKfIf7n59iNfa_c-m3-iqwUEVDVVzEiLQGB8f8idYWIjz_ws8k4MuRQlH71wKMnFRn8-PGlgUJIEtKgNlhor_WTZp9iRFQ6ZnUBVe9qHaQbqgJd3AjYjZp28TWPDbS3Yy-FZtYmqTqwo14pHfERaaWW9FLTf77-P_0x3dgkA-qor9NBPispT-gLGpA_0/s1057/Merchandise%20Mart,%20Chicago%2000d.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="1057" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRKfIf7n59iNfa_c-m3-iqwUEVDVVzEiLQGB8f8idYWIjz_ws8k4MuRQlH71wKMnFRn8-PGlgUJIEtKgNlhor_WTZp9iRFQ6ZnUBVe9qHaQbqgJd3AjYjZp28TWPDbS3Yy-FZtYmqTqwo14pHfERaaWW9FLTf77-P_0x3dgkA-qor9NBPispT-gLGpA_0/w671-h514/Merchandise%20Mart,%20Chicago%2000d.jpg" width="671" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Merry Christmas is written in lights on the Merchandise Mart on November 25, 1964. —Chicago Tribune historical photo.</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="color: red;"><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/p/a-history-professor-critiques.html" style="font-family: Wellfleet;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">A Top University History Professor Critiques this Article.</span></a></div><div><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">INTERESTING MERCHANDISE MART FACTS:</span></span></b></div><div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Federal, State, and Local Government Offices:</span></b></div><div>During World War II, the Merchandise Mart saw declining tenant interest in its original function. To fill vacancy, the building was converted to house various federal government offices, due to its vast space and central location. This lasted until the 1950s.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Mart again welcomed a small number of state and local government offices as tenants in 1990.</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>The CTA's presence in the Merchandise Mart:</b></span></div><div>The CTA moved its headquarters into the Merchandise Mart in 1942, occupying several floors. The CTA's offices in the Merchandise Mart were home to a variety of departments, including administration, planning, and operations. The CTA relocated its headquarters to a new building at 567 West Lake Street, Chicago, as part of a larger effort to improve its efficiency and customer service.</div><div><br /></div><div>The CTA sold its remaining office space in the Merchandise Mart in 2006.</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv355XxYgVPNt6yRkD5W0PB-6UaWlIWvDrAZwIWoet0S5YTOfuAMFuDEjPhDuE_aI-9lNtSchUmDTC4lHnTh6fA86nuiW-mQr_RQ_nKo9_fYuVXccgUJ65cJN1D-z1kk7BfJBCvj2TiJVMI_kxYkeVh2VG45qTTcnO5g5iYg_eCGPT8iqt8hYyNx2aA5w/s600/Merchandise%20Mart%20CTA%20STATION.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="467" data-original-width="600" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv355XxYgVPNt6yRkD5W0PB-6UaWlIWvDrAZwIWoet0S5YTOfuAMFuDEjPhDuE_aI-9lNtSchUmDTC4lHnTh6fA86nuiW-mQr_RQ_nKo9_fYuVXccgUJ65cJN1D-z1kk7BfJBCvj2TiJVMI_kxYkeVh2VG45qTTcnO5g5iYg_eCGPT8iqt8hYyNx2aA5w/w671-h522/Merchandise%20Mart%20CTA%20STATION.jpg" width="671" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>The CTA Merchandise Mart 'L' Station.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>The Merchandise Mart is still a major CTA transportation hub, with an 'L' station on the Red Line (the North-South line), the Brown Line (the Ravenswood line), and the Purple Line (the Evanston Express line) on weekdays during rush hour.</div></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9FexepKB3UyiLOLXCbR9xJkTkfaqs0trTRa9_i2LEf2ltHYJfmSl5IEXb6Zk1ClFZjhaAfMUMp9oTNJ6bNeZTrPwD1wwDzZvqekA-sFd34W6LmenGFhwzknbsgRXy93yNbUEbp0Kk0gr3mD-c-ApHpZG9A0sXE0jGmC97p-nrTF84k84xzgvj9cKqLDA/s1280/Merchandise%20Mart%20'L%20in%201970.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1151" data-original-width="1280" height="604" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9FexepKB3UyiLOLXCbR9xJkTkfaqs0trTRa9_i2LEf2ltHYJfmSl5IEXb6Zk1ClFZjhaAfMUMp9oTNJ6bNeZTrPwD1wwDzZvqekA-sFd34W6LmenGFhwzknbsgRXy93yNbUEbp0Kk0gr3mD-c-ApHpZG9A0sXE0jGmC97p-nrTF84k84xzgvj9cKqLDA/w671-h604/Merchandise%20Mart%20'L%20in%201970.jpg" width="671" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>1970 Merchandise Mart CTA Station. The</b></span><b style="color: red; font-size: large;">'L' </b><b style="color: red; font-size: large;">sign says "Evanston - Wilmette."</b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><div><b>The CTA buses that stop at the Merchandise Mart are:</b></div></div></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><div>Washington & State (Routes 126, 152, 156).</div></div></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><div>Michigan & Randolph (Routes 62, 128, 151, 155, 157).</div></div></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><div>Orleans & Merchandise Mart (Routes 60, 65).</div></div></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><div><br /></div></div></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><div><b>The RTA </b><b>buses that stop</b><b> at the Merchandise Mart are:</b></div></div></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><div>Merchandise Mart (Routes 27, 36).</div></div></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span><span style="font-family: arial;"></span><span style="font-family: arial;"></span><span style="font-family: arial;"></span><span style="font-family: arial;"></span><span style="font-family: arial;"></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></div><hr /><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div></span></div></div><div>The iconic "heads" (busts) on the roof of the Merchandise Mart building actually had two distinct chapters in the building's history. While neither group currently graces the building's rooftop today, their stories deserve to be told:</div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Chapter 1: The Native American Chiefs (1930-1961)</span></b></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTKMsOQLzdzYonDUy4hwQuoYU_dIK6kIXoYMJZrvgQPOU_IoWoppKKdpDruf8HWRQjJ41TDVWZgCTQVLgXFLtok78iwew4JqdDeCh_y31DkGCDreRw3xuyifvkstW-qkb3sZUJHP8pW8K71QDIXqtmJwWcvNEW8hDMqK_ynYGPOR0En4ZRGt9rOLM95Rw/s1543/Indian%20head%20from%20the%20facade%20of%20the%20Merchandise%20Mart.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1543" data-original-width="1024" height="885" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTKMsOQLzdzYonDUy4hwQuoYU_dIK6kIXoYMJZrvgQPOU_IoWoppKKdpDruf8HWRQjJ41TDVWZgCTQVLgXFLtok78iwew4JqdDeCh_y31DkGCDreRw3xuyifvkstW-qkb3sZUJHP8pW8K71QDIXqtmJwWcvNEW8hDMqK_ynYGPOR0En4ZRGt9rOLM95Rw/w586-h885/Indian%20head%20from%20the%20facade%20of%20the%20Merchandise%20Mart.png" width="586" /></a></div></div><div><b>A Controversial Adornment:</b> When the Merchandise Mart opened in 1930, its rooftop boasted 56 sculpted heads of Native American chiefs, designed by John Awre. </div><div><br /></div><div><b>Uncertain Names:</b> Not all the chiefs had identified names. Some were assigned names based on tribal affiliations or geographical regions, while others remained anonymous. The identification process was complex and controversial, so some names may be inaccurate or disputed.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Stereotypical Representation:</b> It's important to remember that the sculptures reflected the era's romanticized and inaccurate portrayals of Native American cultures. They did not represent individual historical figures and perpetuated harmful stereotypes.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1ZukiLwUJ0nMwtRR_ABy3hlYDv4zQyazkRGInGdSG-gi0l2mwtjSJWv4u61BLRhyphenhyphenNgvLgd5OiWuEPDyEPU7-BVkyFXp4XTzKP7ep8j8fdBJUeubHsroud9atJvavzPfyGZruC52GQ_MeJdlMxiYTxeVvq_JxkPoOHo4Sjd2ZOSrkMuq1amuPPVYQmIvU/s1024/99Capture.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="684" data-original-width="1024" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1ZukiLwUJ0nMwtRR_ABy3hlYDv4zQyazkRGInGdSG-gi0l2mwtjSJWv4u61BLRhyphenhyphenNgvLgd5OiWuEPDyEPU7-BVkyFXp4XTzKP7ep8j8fdBJUeubHsroud9atJvavzPfyGZruC52GQ_MeJdlMxiYTxeVvq_JxkPoOHo4Sjd2ZOSrkMuq1amuPPVYQmIvU/w670-h448/99Capture.png" width="670" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1ZukiLwUJ0nMwtRR_ABy3hlYDv4zQyazkRGInGdSG-gi0l2mwtjSJWv4u61BLRhyphenhyphenNgvLgd5OiWuEPDyEPU7-BVkyFXp4XTzKP7ep8j8fdBJUeubHsroud9atJvavzPfyGZruC52GQ_MeJdlMxiYTxeVvq_JxkPoOHo4Sjd2ZOSrkMuq1amuPPVYQmIvU/s1024/99Capture.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1ZukiLwUJ0nMwtRR_ABy3hlYDv4zQyazkRGInGdSG-gi0l2mwtjSJWv4u61BLRhyphenhyphenNgvLgd5OiWuEPDyEPU7-BVkyFXp4XTzKP7ep8j8fdBJUeubHsroud9atJvavzPfyGZruC52GQ_MeJdlMxiYTxeVvq_JxkPoOHo4Sjd2ZOSrkMuq1amuPPVYQmIvU/s1024/99Capture.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-legend-of-the-piasa-bird-which-is-carved-and-painted-on-a-bluff-in-alton-illinois.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">Legend of the Piasa "Bird," an Ancient Indian pictograph</span></a></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-legend-of-the-piasa-bird-which-is-carved-and-painted-on-a-bluff-in-alton-illinois.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">carved on a bluff in Alton, IL.</span></a></b></div><div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Apache:</b> "ah-PAH-chee," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Arapaho:</b> "A-ra-pa-ho," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Arikara:</b> "uh-rih-kuh-rah," An Indigenous Tribe.</li><li><b>Assiniboine:</b> "uh-sin-uh-boin," An Indigenous Tribe.</li><li><b>Blackfoot:</b> "Black-foo-t," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Caddo:</b> "KAH-doh," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Cayuga:</b> "kay-YOO-ga," An Indigenous Tribe</li><li><b>Cheyenne:</b> "shy-AN," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Cherokee:</b> "chEH-ruh-kEE," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Chickasaw:</b> "CHIK-ə-saw," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Chinook:</b> "Chok-NOOK," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Chippewa:</b> "chi-puh-waa," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Choctaw:</b> "Chauk taw," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Comanche:</b> "kuh-MAN-chee," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Cree:</b> Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Crow:</b> Crow tribe's name is Apsáalooke "ahp-SAH-loo-keh," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Delaware:</b> A Tribe - called initially the Lenape tribe, aka Munsee and Unami bands.</li><li><b>Flathead:</b> A Chief - "Ahl-shah-taa-pee," named by Europeans for Chief (Flat Head).</li><li><b>Gros Ventre:</b> "Groh Vahn-truh," ("big belly," French) Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Haida:</b> "Hay Da," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Hopi:</b> "HOH-pee," An Indigenous Tribe.</li><li><b>Huron:</b> "Hoo-RON," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2018/11/village-of-la-vantum-massacre-of-the-illinois-indians-by-the-iroquois-and-its-aftermath.html" target="_blank">Iroquois</a>:</b> "ear-ro-kwa" (French), Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Kalapuya:</b> "Cal-uh-poo-yuh," An Indigenous Tribe.</li><li><b>Kansas:</b> "KAN-zəs," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Kiowa:</b> "Hy-oh-wa," An Indigenous Tribe.</li><li><b>Kootenay:</b> "KOOT-nee," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Lenape:</b> "lun-NAH-pay," An Indigenous Tribe - aka Delaware Tribe</li><li><b>Lummi:</b> "LUH-mee," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Mandan:</b> "mah-N'-DAN," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Menominee:</b> "Meh-NOH-meh-nee," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Miami:</b> Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Micmac:</b> "Meeg-em-ach," An Indigenous Tribe.</li><li><b>Modoc:</b> "MO-dock," An Indigenous Tribe.</li><li><b>Mohawk:</b> "Mo-hawk," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Navajo:</b> "na-va-ho," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Nez Perce:</b> "Nay Pers-say," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.<b>[1]</b></li><li><b>Nuutka:</b> "Nuu-chah-nulth," aka Nootka, An Indigenous Tribe. </li><li><b>Ojibwe:</b> "Oh-JIB-way," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Osage:</b> "OH-sage," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs. </li><li><b>Ottawa:</b> "Ah-dah-wa," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Papago:</b> "pap-uh-goh," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Pawnee:</b> <span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px; scrollbar-color: rgb(218, 220, 224) transparent;">"PAWN-ee" </span>Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Penobscot:</b> "peh-NOB-skot," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Pomo:</b> "po-MOH," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Ponca:</b> "Pohn-kuh," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2018/10/potawatomi-tribal-history-including-the-potawatomi-of-the-prairie.html" target="_blank">Potawatomi</a>:</b> "Boh-da-wah-dmi," (Tribal Pronunciation), An Indigenous Tribe.</li><li><b>Pueblo:</b> a group of tribes (i.e., <b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2018/10/iliniwek-tribal-history-from-the-illinois-country-through-the-mid-1830s.html" target="_blank">The Illinois</a></b>), Indigenous Tribes & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Quapaw:</b> An Indigenous Tribe.</li><li><b>Sauk (Sac) & <a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2023/04/1730-arrowsmith-battlefield-mclean-county-illinois.html" target="_blank">Meskwaki (Fox)</a>:</b> "Mesk-wa-ki," Indigenous Tribes.</li><li><b>Salish:</b> "Slah-LEESH," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Seminole:</b> "Sem-uh-NO-le," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Seneca:</b> "Sen-eh-kuh," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Shoshone:</b> "shoh-SHO-nee," An Indigenous Tribe.</li><li><b>Sioux:</b> "soo," (confederation of 7 nations; i.e., <b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2018/10/iliniwek-tribal-history-from-the-illinois-country-through-the-mid-1830s.html" target="_blank">The Illinois</a>)</b>, Indigenous Tribes & Chiefs.</li><li><b>Ute:</b> "Yoo-tey," Indigenous Tribe & Chiefs.</li></ol></div></div></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b>[1]</b> The name "Nez Perce" (<span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">"pierced nose") </span>is actually a misnomer: It comes from French fur traders who mistakenly applied it to the tribe based on a misunderstanding of their cultural practice of nose ornaments. The tribe prefers to be called Nimiipuu, which means "The People."</div></span></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div><div>This reflected a popular Art Deco motif of the time but also carried problematic connotations of cultural appropriation and romanticized stereotypes. </div><div><br /></div><div><b>Shifting Tides:</b> As social awareness grew in the mid-20th century, the depictions of the chiefs faced increasing criticism for their insensitivity. By 1961, the decision was made to remove them from the building.<br /><br /><b>What Happened to the "Indian Heads?" </b>In 1961, the heads were deemed outdated and removed from the roof. </div><div><div><br /></div><div>Most were sadly destroyed, but a few found their way to different destinations:</div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Two busts were found in the Campia family's home in Lake Forest and auctioned off in 2014.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The remaining heads are believed to be lost or destroyed.</li></ul></div><div>As of January 26, 2024, the exact location of the remaining heads is unknown.</div><div><br /></div><div>The two auctioned busts might be in private collections, but their specific ownership is not publicly available.</div><div><br /></div><div>So, while most of the Indian "heads" are unfortunately lost to history, a small piece of their legacy survives in private hands. </div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/p/a-history-professor-critiques.html" style="font-family: Wellfleet;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">A Top University History Professor Critiques this Article.</span></a></div><br /></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>Chapter 2: The Merchandise Mart Hall of Fame</b></span></div><div><div>Standing tall as guardians of American commerce, eight colossal bronze busts grace the entrance of The Merchandise Mart, the world's largest wholesale buying center in Chicago. These larger-than-life figures immortalize some of the most influential figures in American retail history, their names and companies woven into the very fabric of consumer culture.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq-PR13qYTDOseUP_A9rrntqpyHpMbu252aUVpnzl7r7jy2m5qwBlpxrIgSGNOA2m0iN6iKiLJuZgIraztNb2qJZAClVYcFIoYbN_ahRliiI1yuGBhN7sS6_G6yGvlgu6Ky0XBqYoLlKavunBwUhjE6z7PCIpeXWKKQ4DHckBJBDoNcW_Og22OEoKdbuU/s950/Merchandise%20Mart%20Hall%20of%20Fame.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="633" data-original-width="950" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq-PR13qYTDOseUP_A9rrntqpyHpMbu252aUVpnzl7r7jy2m5qwBlpxrIgSGNOA2m0iN6iKiLJuZgIraztNb2qJZAClVYcFIoYbN_ahRliiI1yuGBhN7sS6_G6yGvlgu6Ky0XBqYoLlKavunBwUhjE6z7PCIpeXWKKQ4DHckBJBDoNcW_Og22OEoKdbuU/w670-h446/Merchandise%20Mart%20Hall%20of%20Fame.jpg" width="670" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>Commissioned in 1953 by Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr., the 44th U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom, these four-times-life-size busts stand as a testament to the vision and dedication of the men who shaped the American retail landscape. Each bust, meticulously crafted in bronze, captures the essence of its subject, with their determined gazes fixed on the future of commerce.</div><div><br /></div><div>From Frank Winfield Woolworth's 5 & Dime stores to Marshall Field's luxurious emporiums, these pioneers revolutionized the way Americans shopped. Their innovative ideas and unwavering commitment to quality forever changed the face of retail, leaving an enduring legacy that inspires generations of entrepreneurs.</div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX4z1ZN2tsJlq4HJr5wfcO_M7LAv5f_DeUDaNwRzNM64TP-ierB2F4pxNqoKsMuElvM_T3pCYaYLc9ZSaHLlE9edjl5383HwC_AVDGGiauc74xDzOxkasiUWgNycvDAprltaXpiwfpqUGa0DZDWvp-aFcBj7U_NIClGPMDgEnY9UyK-7JkdGzW2UgpNw4/s850/Marshall%20Field%20Hall%20of%20Fame.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="850" data-original-width="567" height="742" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX4z1ZN2tsJlq4HJr5wfcO_M7LAv5f_DeUDaNwRzNM64TP-ierB2F4pxNqoKsMuElvM_T3pCYaYLc9ZSaHLlE9edjl5383HwC_AVDGGiauc74xDzOxkasiUWgNycvDAprltaXpiwfpqUGa0DZDWvp-aFcBj7U_NIClGPMDgEnY9UyK-7JkdGzW2UgpNw4/w494-h742/Marshall%20Field%20Hall%20of%20Fame.jpg" width="494" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>Marshall Field</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Frank Winfield Woolworth:</b> The founder of F.W. Woolworth Company.</li><li><b>Marshall Field:</b> The founder of Marshall Field and Company.</li><li><b>Aaron Montgomery Ward: </b>The founder of Montgomery Ward & Company.</li><li><b>Julius Rosenwald: </b>Was a Sears, Roebuck and Company President.</li><li><b>Robert Elkington Wood:</b> Was a Sears, Roebuck and Company President.</li><li><b>John Wanamaker:</b> The father of modern advertising.</li><li><b>Edward Albert Filene:</b> Preseident of William Feline & Sons. Filene's department stores.</li><li><b>George Huntington Hartford:</b> The founded The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. (A&P)</li></ol></div></div></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/p/a-history-professor-critiques.html" style="font-family: Wellfleet;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;">A Top University History Professor Critiques this Article.</span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com2Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798213.567879763821153 -122.7860482 70.188347436178844 -52.473548199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-66108022365431250062024-01-25T16:24:00.010-06:002024-01-25T18:17:05.143-06:00Scam email about Mammoth and Mastodon Ivory Sales in Illinois.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">I'm writing this article, which includes a screen capture of the email below I received as a preemptive warning to Illinois residents and readers from other states.</span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKkD1Z-hIaArZomPssj5zrDC0OQ_GOdw1gERBl_SzjjXSUCHCVdJBbqOPD_wCXyKP7foxkDYZT1pRO2_pnOtinFlS8aLOB08R5yapQ36jV7if8vF1fKBPnrVQzBzdZn2rJayGl4TZWenr3GcAxkTtzsnCxbIri8fBwbN41z9qRYdTVYCjdsZz_0sdl_C4/s1062/1Capture.PNG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="215" data-original-width="1062" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKkD1Z-hIaArZomPssj5zrDC0OQ_GOdw1gERBl_SzjjXSUCHCVdJBbqOPD_wCXyKP7foxkDYZT1pRO2_pnOtinFlS8aLOB08R5yapQ36jV7if8vF1fKBPnrVQzBzdZn2rJayGl4TZWenr3GcAxkTtzsnCxbIri8fBwbN41z9qRYdTVYCjdsZz_0sdl_C4/w668-h136/1Capture.PNG" width="668" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>With the poor spelling and bad English, it is most likely a scam.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Paleo-Indian artifacts are the remnants of tools, weapons, and other objects left behind by the first humans known to inhabit North America, dating from roughly 15,000 to 7,000 years ago. These fascinating objects offer invaluable insights into the lives and technologies of these early peoples despite the challenges of studying such ancient remains.</span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmqXSfaSsh2AcToqSGQp1LtPlU1DmvxjFmwmoRjGC4R0CEks-33YsxQQBobF36C0NssLa2yW-89KS8-a9BJ_X6RxgyhcBaN661AeWXS6qTuoPKwEbtpXyiKTTdbyQ3SwdKxLBRRMYhOThGdAPf1kZ3u7cJGv_Pno8PhnScojtue0hldtTQBCiS1Ao2Pko/s1600/Mastodons-mammoths-animals-Paleo-Indians-size-elephants-African.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="668" data-original-width="1600" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmqXSfaSsh2AcToqSGQp1LtPlU1DmvxjFmwmoRjGC4R0CEks-33YsxQQBobF36C0NssLa2yW-89KS8-a9BJ_X6RxgyhcBaN661AeWXS6qTuoPKwEbtpXyiKTTdbyQ3SwdKxLBRRMYhOThGdAPf1kZ3u7cJGv_Pno8PhnScojtue0hldtTQBCiS1Ao2Pko/w669-h280/Mastodons-mammoths-animals-Paleo-Indians-size-elephants-African.png" width="669" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Mammoths were bigger and heavier compared to their predecessors, the mastodons, and closer in appearance and constitution to elephants today. Mastodons had cusps (grinding bumps) on their molars, which mainly distinguished them from mammoths and elephants with ridged molars.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">There's currently no definitive evidence that Paleo-Indians in North America carved mammoth and mastodon ivory as artworks. While some tools and utilitarian objects made from ivory have been found, they lack clear artistic intent or decoration.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>Types of artifacts:</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Stone tools:</span></b> These are the most common artifact type, as stone was readily available and durable. Tools include:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Clovis points:</b></span> Large, lance-shaped spear points with distinctive flutes (grooves) running down the base are iconic symbols of the period.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Other projectile points:</b></span> Different styles like Folsom, Scottsbluff, and Dalton points reveal regional variations and adaptation to changing environments.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Scraper tools:</b></span> Used for processing hides, wood, and other materials.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Knives and blades:</b></span> Employed for cutting and slicing tasks.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Non-stone artifacts:</b></span> While less common, these offer valuable glimpses into other aspects of life:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bone tools: </b></span>Awls, needles, and ornaments made from animal bones suggest various practical and symbolic uses.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Fire hearths and cooking features:</b></span> Evidence of controlled fire use, crucial for warmth, cooking, and toolmaking.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Rock art and engravings:</b></span> Rare but potentially offering insights into spiritual beliefs and communication.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Several states have banned the sale of all "Ivory," meaning any tooth or tusk composed of ivory from any animal, including mammoths and mastodons. As of 2024, these states include ILLINOIS, California, New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Nevada, Oregon, and Hawaii. Other states may restrict the sale of ivory depending on the item's age, origin, and value.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Since the sale of ivory in Illinois is illegal, reporting it is crucial to protect endangered elephant populations and combat wildlife trafficking. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Illinois General Assembly:</b> <a href="https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=3888&ChapterID=67" target="_blank"><b>815 ILCS 357/ Animal Parts and Products Ban Act.</b></a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>Here are some resources to report the sale:</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>1. Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR):</b></span><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Online Reporting: You can file a complaint online through the IDNR's Turn in Poachers <b>Website: <a href="https://dnr.illinois.gov/lawenforcement/target-poachers.html">https://dnr.illinois.gov/lawenforcement/target-poachers.html</a></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Phone: You can call the IDNR's Conservation Police hotline at 1-800-252-8934.</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>2. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS):</b></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Online Reporting: You can file a report through the USFWS's National Wildlife Service <b>Tip Line: <a href="https://www.fws.gov/wildlife-crime-tips">https://www.fws.gov/wildlife-crime-tips</a></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Phone: You can call the USFWS's Division of Law Enforcement at 1-800-847-7353.</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>3. Wildlife Crime Stoppers:</b></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Online Reporting: You can submit an anonymous tip through Wildlife Crime Stoppers' <b>Website: <a href="https://wildlifecrimestoppers.org/contact-us/">https://wildlifecrimestoppers.org/contact-us/</a></b></span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Phone: You can call Wildlife Crime Stoppers at 1-800-642-WILD (9453).</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0Illinois, USA40.6331249 -89.398528312.322891063821153 -124.5547783 68.943358736178851 -54.242278299999995tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-56543260046702153242024-01-23T14:04:00.000-06:002024-01-23T14:04:13.654-06:00Slot Car Racing Was a Popular Craze in Chicagoland in the 1960s and 70s.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">The explosive wave of slot car racing's popularity began in the late 1950s to early 1960s. By the mid-1960s, there were more than 3,000 public race tracks in the U.S. Manufacturers Revell, Aurora, Tyco, Carrera, and Scalextric, were together selling $500 million ($4,9 Billion in 2024) worth of cars and equipment a year.</span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDiit_5JYWQflHPWj7L8ioSc-Qm5gYWHAalBMrzBfy_3fyg5S-uk5H570kAQJz5oiOIE0D-X_zSaakERlz78CLWWy-51EJEIdR10v2XrgSs-ryG0mDu3PpjKXo_JSkfOo6bOJ3gxcEn9sqHYDQk8crFAdKF8MAwcKOK9pIuUeUlURNqYkjBeXuZ9LEHY0/s1000/slot-cars-racing-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="1000" height="527" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDiit_5JYWQflHPWj7L8ioSc-Qm5gYWHAalBMrzBfy_3fyg5S-uk5H570kAQJz5oiOIE0D-X_zSaakERlz78CLWWy-51EJEIdR10v2XrgSs-ryG0mDu3PpjKXo_JSkfOo6bOJ3gxcEn9sqHYDQk8crFAdKF8MAwcKOK9pIuUeUlURNqYkjBeXuZ9LEHY0/w669-h527/slot-cars-racing-2.jpg" width="669" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>A Typical Slot Car Race Track. Unknown Venue.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">As the fad peaked and waned, slot car businesses could not profit, charging teenagers small amounts of money to use their large tracks. By the early 1970s, slot car centers dwindled to fewer than 200 tracks and were still in business by 1975, and gradually, most of those closed, too.</span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8LRj0h1c7aQWmFRfbB5fe8QNl_8LoNAMvp9_Z3zVk3RB1nghZcn3PntNbxujvb7iXqYQzNNl0OIr3D-wTiwpx_JDKi3fIFee0ztV67UM7bI7P8uC7UDvvRxPD4Hs9wkoTOcFcFgHwQ8kVsjn9GoWCX8N1moSTt_SuxKIHtBGBSRz3gnFGncvG_kqbRo4/s630/Tom-Thumb_Evanston.webp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="630" height="375" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8LRj0h1c7aQWmFRfbB5fe8QNl_8LoNAMvp9_Z3zVk3RB1nghZcn3PntNbxujvb7iXqYQzNNl0OIr3D-wTiwpx_JDKi3fIFee0ztV67UM7bI7P8uC7UDvvRxPD4Hs9wkoTOcFcFgHwQ8kVsjn9GoWCX8N1moSTt_SuxKIHtBGBSRz3gnFGncvG_kqbRo4/w666-h375/Tom-Thumb_Evanston.webp" width="666" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Tom Thumb Hobbies & Crafts, Evanston, IL. </span></span><span style="font-family: arial;">(1965-2014)</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The Tom Thumb Hobbies & Crafts store co-owners Cheryl Anderson and Arthur Harris, at 1026 Davis Street in Evanston, Illinois, moved to Niles in 2014. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Tom Thumb had six 1/32 scale slot car tracks and one complicated HO scale track simultaneously. They sold, repaired, and carried slot car paraphernalia, too. It was the largest slot car venue in the Chicagoland. </span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtjdTMLyYoCszLm6AgvCJl4bQXo7ZO7RfyUPGSqMXyTZPsUYfBqJ1BffVfRDT7yQ0kcv2Ir6kl_dqid4UjxA03rk9j_H2qdIPzr1sqTPVp7q8d3imJRJ2szBe_vkPe6xYvNSbv4y_de5-rQPWP3HecgPuse-wi7y7MkLFpSuH2Fgg7v4sYafD76KOt9Pw/s895/1964-varney-corvette-stingray-convertible-1~32-scale-slot-car.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="895" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtjdTMLyYoCszLm6AgvCJl4bQXo7ZO7RfyUPGSqMXyTZPsUYfBqJ1BffVfRDT7yQ0kcv2Ir6kl_dqid4UjxA03rk9j_H2qdIPzr1sqTPVp7q8d3imJRJ2szBe_vkPe6xYvNSbv4y_de5-rQPWP3HecgPuse-wi7y7MkLFpSuH2Fgg7v4sYafD76KOt9Pw/w669-h249/1964-varney-corvette-stingray-convertible-1~32-scale-slot-car.jpg" width="669" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>1964 Varney Corvette Stingray Convertible, 1/32 Scale Slot Car.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">I spent many Saturdays and Sundays at Tom Thumb, racing slot cars in the late 1960s and early 1970s. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Some parents would crawl under the tracks to position themselves inside the open area and help place cars back on the track when kids took the curves too fast. It was a great time. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">I had two cars and a great controller. I had a product like "stick'em," which was applied to the tires, that helped the car hold the turns.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In the 1990s, JK Raceway in Greenbrook Plaza, on Lake Street, Hanover Park, Illinois, had three 1/32 scale slot car tracks and </span><span style="font-family: arial;">one drag strip track. At least one of the tracks was from </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Tom Thumb in Evanston.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com2Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798215.907632487723021 -122.7860482 67.848594712276977 -52.473548199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-40651996561415399782024-01-17T13:24:00.005-06:002024-01-19T22:23:35.827-06:00A Brief History of Alphonse Francis “Sonny” Capone Jr.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">Alphonse Francis “Sonny” Capone Jr. was born December 4, 1918, in Chicago, Illinois, to parents Al Capone and Mary "Mae" Josephine Coughlin with congenital syphilis, a serious mastoid infection, passed on from Al. He survived the required brain surgery for the disease but was left partially deaf.</span></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwpJUcQLgI1JxV4xYlr6uDogpHQ7I5_DLeHc1X5GGbn_Rf0TbS-vModbSJRvmgkJSbTxXeg3z0fsPMX14Ow0uIoF6Pr9JY42IbvHuqXVsfjewnqwppq0w5lyyJiH9jTtYslfY8MQadZgKdTeupnOFmWaICD9rlC9Ebq6Xn8Q_8QeOJzXFnVvcpPLDwnbk/s799/albert-francis-capone-SONNY-and-mother.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="799" data-original-width="600" height="885" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwpJUcQLgI1JxV4xYlr6uDogpHQ7I5_DLeHc1X5GGbn_Rf0TbS-vModbSJRvmgkJSbTxXeg3z0fsPMX14Ow0uIoF6Pr9JY42IbvHuqXVsfjewnqwppq0w5lyyJiH9jTtYslfY8MQadZgKdTeupnOFmWaICD9rlC9Ebq6Xn8Q_8QeOJzXFnVvcpPLDwnbk/w665-h885/albert-francis-capone-SONNY-and-mother.jpg" width="665" /></a></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Sonny Jr. did not share his father's first name. His full name was Albert Francis Capone.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Al Capone had money, power, and prestige in Chicago, New York, and Miami. He sent his son to the best schools available, among them Saint Patrick’s High School in Miami. </span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaVHVl2Qj_eBJXryXfNAyHC0H9oTuL2nxmeLueYzzIYMktRP0RQnP-tblrpYVa7cPCQWhRl183LzBBPH0k9Qr6bEFjavW-vf87UHNp9miIdNTgTf3qLvv1x4OHYsHeGlzSY-kIDH3adn89KqRc8tKVl7TYB5Vl4wSeE2jcb7Ji6Y8_2Z7_uDAVN2axQq4/s384/Sonny%20Capone%20at%2016.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="259" height="733" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaVHVl2Qj_eBJXryXfNAyHC0H9oTuL2nxmeLueYzzIYMktRP0RQnP-tblrpYVa7cPCQWhRl183LzBBPH0k9Qr6bEFjavW-vf87UHNp9miIdNTgTf3qLvv1x4OHYsHeGlzSY-kIDH3adn89KqRc8tKVl7TYB5Vl4wSeE2jcb7Ji6Y8_2Z7_uDAVN2axQq4/w494-h733/Sonny%20Capone%20at%2016.png" width="494" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Sonny in 1934</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><span style="font-family: arial;">There, Sonny befriended a young Cuban expatriate by the name of Desiderio Alberto Arnaz and graduated in 1937. Arnaz was the bandleader and I Love Lucy star and creator who later gained lasting fame as Desi Arnaz. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Sonny attended the University of Notre Dame but eventually completed his studies and obtained his degree at the University of Miami. Sonny maintained a simple life after completing his schooling.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">After attending the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, Sonny Capone transferred to the University of Miami, earning his bachelor's degree from the institution in 1941. In one of his first big career choices, he found he couldn't escape the criminal element entirely. While working as a used car salesman in Florida, he found out his boss was changing the numbers on vehicles' odometers, a seedy and illegal practice. So, Sonny quit and switched gears to printing, where he served as an apprentice before deciding on a couple more profession changes. In addition to trying tire distribution, the younger Capone ran a restaurant in Miami with his mother. According to Capone: The Man and His Era, Sonny attempted to use his underworld connections to secure a loan, asking the Chicago "Outfit" for $24,000 to expand the business. It refused.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">He had four daughters with Diane Ruth Casey, whom he married in 1941. Veronica, Teresa, Barbara, and Patricia Capone-Brown. Diane and Sonny divorced in July 1964, and Sonny remarried twice. Albert was married to a woman named America "Amie" Francis. It is not sure if it was his second or third wife, but she was listed in his daughters' obituary as step mother. We assume she was his third wife.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Mae Coughlin and her son, Albert Francis Capone, purchased Ted's Grotto in Miami in 1956.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #00b400; font-family: Merriweather Sans; font-size: x-large;"><b>sidebar</b></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">Ted's Grotto started in the 1940s as a small, unassuming diner on Biscayne Boulevard in Miami by its namesake, Ted Bowers. Ted's Grotto became a regular hang-out for Entertainers like Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis Jr., and Judy Garland. They'd swing by after their gigs at the Fontainebleau or the Eden Roc hotels, drawn by the intimate atmosphere and enjoying a good time. The Grotto wasn't just for entertainers, though. Politicians, athletes, and yes, even mobsters rubbed shoulders at its red booths, creating a unique Miami cocktail of glitz and grit. Ted's Grotto's reign as Miami's hottest spot didn't last forever. By the late 1960s, the city's nightlife scene had shifted, and the Grotto began to lose its luster. The restaurant closed its doors in the early 1970s, leaving a legacy of good food, music, and even better memories.</span></div></blockquote><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Mae Coughlin and Sonny injected Ted's Grotto with a much-needed dose of glamour. The restaurant expanded, the soup and sandwich menu got much fancier (Oysters Rockefeller, Lobster Thermidor, Tournedos Rossini, Steak Diane, Baked Alaska, and Crêpes Suzette), and the clientele shifted towards celebrities and socialites. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">On August 7, 1965, Albert Francis Capone was nabbed by the police for a petty crime. A store clerk from the Kwik Chek market in North Miami Beach caught him pocketing two bottles of aspirin and some batteries worth $3.50 ($30.60 today). from the Kwik Chek market in North Miami Beach. "Everybody has a little larceny in them," Sonny quipped upon his arrest. He pleaded no contest to the charge of shoplifting and was sentenced to two years' probation. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">When he went before a judge, he got two years of probation but shrugged off his crime by saying to the judge that “everybody has a little larceny in them.”</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Following his arrest, he changed his name to Albert Francis Brown in 1966. According to his lawyer, Sonny Capone did so because he was “just sick and tired of fighting the name.”</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">On July 8, 2004, Albert Francis Capone died in the tiny California town of Auburn Lake Trails. His wife, America “Amie” Francis, told a reporter that Albert Francis Capone was much more than his family name.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">“Al Capone has been dead a long time,” she said. “His son had nothing to do with him. Let him rest in peace, for crying out loud. He suffered enough in his life for being who he was.”</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">After changing his name, Albert Francis Capone, aka Sonny Capone, aka Albert Francis Brown, lived a quiet, law-abiding life. He married three times and is survived by numerous grandchildren and great-grandchildren.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0Miami, FL, USA25.7616798 -80.1917902-2.5485540361788459 -115.3480402 54.071913636178849 -45.0355402tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-49587933166281243242024-01-11T15:02:00.006-06:002024-01-11T20:45:44.490-06:00The Tunnels of Northeastern Illinois University (NEIU), Chicago, Illinois.<div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">NEIU HISTORY</span></b><br />The University traces its history to Chicago Teachers College (now Chicago State University), which, as Cook County Normal School, was founded in 1867 to train elementary and high school teachers. The Chicago Teachers College (CTC) established the Chicago Teachers College (North Side) branch in 1949. The school relocated to the present site at North Park, Chicago, in 1961 and changed its name in 1965 to Illinois Teachers' College: Chicago North, when control of CTC passed into the hands of the State of Illinois.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In 1967, the Illinois Legislature acted to remove the title of "teachers college" from all state colleges and universities, and the college became Northeastern Illinois State College.</span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxxdwb0qWg7Y20S1FcZM-Me1-N3S5Gjsw3EsSjirdHclurShrWnkr46fZYwK_30DnVLGwud_OfHkhXQ3RUzlVrO3Qj4hdxvUjVx5yYxt9mB99Jpvo8-TuPNYvEwZ0uDvu4_sr_ZTviN2o5QYw9w9at1j6mWmKY58yFc6zOdY2gVrWG1ROrGmcQdOo8TUQ/s1920/Northeastern%20Illinois%20University%20Sign.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxxdwb0qWg7Y20S1FcZM-Me1-N3S5Gjsw3EsSjirdHclurShrWnkr46fZYwK_30DnVLGwud_OfHkhXQ3RUzlVrO3Qj4hdxvUjVx5yYxt9mB99Jpvo8-TuPNYvEwZ0uDvu4_sr_ZTviN2o5QYw9w9at1j6mWmKY58yFc6zOdY2gVrWG1ROrGmcQdOo8TUQ/w672-h378/Northeastern%20Illinois%20University%20Sign.png" width="672" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, North Park Community, </b><b>Chicago, Illinois.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: arial;">In 1971, the school became Northeastern Illinois University after it was granted university status and was given a mandate by the Illinois Legislature "to offer such courses of instruction as shall best serve to qualify teachers for the schools of the State; and to offer such other courses of instruction, conduct such research and offer such public services as are prescribed by the Board of Governors of State Colleges and Universities or its successor."</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In January 1996, Northeastern Illinois University established its own board of trustees.</span></div></div>
<div><br /><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b>THE TUNNELS OF NEIU</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The basement tunnels that connect Lech Walesa Hall to the Student Union and other buildings on campus make traveling easier at NEIU. Students and staff can access specific tunnels to skip the cold walks between buildings.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Discovering the tunnel connecting Lech Walesa Hall (LWH) to the cafeteria took half a semester. The first time we attempted to go through the entrance, we turned right back around. We'll admit to being afraid of walking through the unknown space and getting in "trouble."</span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN2tDQLZ0jCxyZ8nonMvvso0dJE6HljRGd9pmmyy0_hmgOuJGN5o-Q0eZs7GG5_8bzmkdoC5xPtlPJor6OJ6IYBI4wO7IZusbMknf221TTz_2ZzIboD0dQpuXMh4EMxyqmctC95OZ_Acx5amWYnEKuSh5IDAE-dukuiIAWIRz319KHTuWZEWdwelsEPCY/s1296/tunnels%20underneath%20NEIU.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="1296" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN2tDQLZ0jCxyZ8nonMvvso0dJE6HljRGd9pmmyy0_hmgOuJGN5o-Q0eZs7GG5_8bzmkdoC5xPtlPJor6OJ6IYBI4wO7IZusbMknf221TTz_2ZzIboD0dQpuXMh4EMxyqmctC95OZ_Acx5amWYnEKuSh5IDAE-dukuiIAWIRz319KHTuWZEWdwelsEPCY/w668-h444/tunnels%20underneath%20NEIU.jpg" width="668" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>A Tunnel at Northeastern Illinois University (NEIU), Chicago, Illinois.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">One occasion, we saw a group of students walking to the tunnel entrance. We were very blatantly following them. Despite this, our curiosity to discover where the tunnel led was stronger.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The offices and lounge area became apparent in the distance when we reached the first crossroad. It was like we had discovered another world. The cafeteria came into view as we walked and passed the second crossroad.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Since then, using the tunnel between LWH and the cafeteria has become a part of our daily routine.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The best way to travel through the tunnels is with an expert or a buddy. Our expert, Catherine Duffy, NEIU's Program Administrative Assistant, was more than willing to give us a tour of the tunnels. We met Duffy while walking through the tunnel closest to the cafeteria and into the Office of Student Employment hall.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">We also met Beverly Projansky, Staff Clerk in the Office of Student Employment. Projansky, an NEIU alumna from the graduating class of 2000, recalled the blizzard of '99. "It was great for students if you figured out the tunnels," she said. "You would cross from Lech Walesa Hall through the Student Union to avoid going out."</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Most students have become familiar with the shortcut during the harsh winter months.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Duffy walked us through the LWH tunnels leading into the cafeteria. The first connection is uninterrupted until you reach the first crossroad. On the left, you will see a short hallway with some organization offices; on the right, you'll see the maintenance hall. "It's not a good idea to mess around in the tunnels. Even contractors get lost," said Duffy.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">If you continue straight, the Student Health Services office is on the right, and the leadership and organization offices are on the left. The lounge is just ahead, and more student organizations and media offices are tucked inside.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Although most tunnels contain storage and electrical rooms, Duffy gave us helpful hints. From the basement of Building C, students can ascend the building by taking the elevator or going up the stairs. "The elevator stops working after 5:00 PM," said Duffy. "And there is a receptionist on every floor."</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The opposing tunnel of the Office of Student Employment holds the mailroom, shipping and receiving center and the Production Technical Services. On the first floor, you would find yourself in buildings E and F near the Art Gallery outside FA and by the Stage Center Theatre.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Students Erica Vergara and Jennifer Alvarez visited NEIU before their admittance.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">"I knew about the tunnels since high school," said Alvarez of her past high school visits to the University.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Walking through the tunnels is quite the experience. You'll notice a change in temperature and tunnels that become narrow from protruding vents. If you travel through the tunnels, notice the signs outside doors and hallways. Signs that read "Authorized Personnel Only" should be respected.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The tunnels are convenient to those who already use them, so become acquainted with the tunnel system, save time, and follow them.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: arial;">By Natalie Sanchez and Viviana Serrano</span></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b>OTHER PEDESTRIAN TUNNEL SYSTEMS</b></span></div><div><b>University of Minnesota:</b> named the Gopher Way. The University's tunnel system began in the 1920s when the first one connected the Nolte Center and Northrop Auditorium. <a href="https://pts.umn.edu/sites/pts.umn.edu/files/2022-03/walking_guide%202.25.22.pdf" target="_blank"><b>SEE MAP.</b></a> </div><div><br /></div><div><b>University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign:</b> Their tunnel system, officially established in 1954, is extensive and well-documented, connecting many campus buildings.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Purdue University:</b> Their tunnel system, developed primarily in the 1960s, became integral to campus connectivity and even includes a "tunnel tour" program.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>University of Massachusetts Amherst:</b> Construction of their tunnel system began in the early 1960s, expanding over time and becoming a prominent feature of campus life.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Chicago Pedway:</b> <a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2016/11/the-pedway-chicagos-loop-underground.html" target="_blank"><b>The Loop's Underground Pedestrian System began in 1951.</b></a></div><div>https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2016/11/the-pedway-chicagos-loop-underground.html</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Edited by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com1Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798213.567879763821153 -122.7860482 70.188347436178844 -52.473548199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-70181507972306120902024-01-07T00:45:00.002-06:002024-01-09T16:30:59.874-06:00Solomon Miller's Kosher Mulligan Stew Recipe, the first Jewish Scoutmaster in America.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">I first tasted Miller's Kosher Mulligan Stew at Olin Sang Ruby Union Institute, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, in the mid-1970s, during one of many weekend trips with my Sunday school. You'll love it too!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2021/05/first-american-jewish-scoutmaster-was-in-chicago-illinois.html" target="_blank">The First Jewish Boy Scoutmaster and Troop was in Chicago, Illinois, (1920).</a></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Mulligan's stew recipe is a Kosher Irish Beef Stew adaptation. Initially, the ingredients were added into a large coffee tin and heated over a fire to cook it. Mulligan stew ingredients varied depending on what was available. Feel free to substitute vegetables. If you add more vegetables — add more stock.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3rbR4jEH2j8/YI4RLM4ZJ0I/AAAAAAAAld4/WXDkIwybJSU6Zc-tQFjbk5AlLtGBfF5DgCLcBGAsYHQ/s900/20160414153407558753394.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="900" height="665" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3rbR4jEH2j8/YI4RLM4ZJ0I/AAAAAAAAld4/WXDkIwybJSU6Zc-tQFjbk5AlLtGBfF5DgCLcBGAsYHQ/w665-h665/20160414153407558753394.jpg" width="665" /></a></div><br /></div><div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><b>SOL'S KOSHER CAMPFIRE MULLIGAN STEW RECIPE</b></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ba4TkeyPtok/YI6wEf8VVWI/AAAAAAAAleE/ikHSltuox04_ix-DEZXV3q-Cv6jEZ2xhACLcBGAsYHQ/s451/Kosher%2BSymbols.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="205" data-original-width="451" height="128" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ba4TkeyPtok/YI6wEf8VVWI/AAAAAAAAleE/ikHSltuox04_ix-DEZXV3q-Cv6jEZ2xhACLcBGAsYHQ/w281-h128/Kosher%2BSymbols.PNG" width="281" /></a></div></div><div><b style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">INGREDIENTS</b></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">3 tablespoons oil</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">3 pounds cubed kosher beef <b><span style="color: red;"><u>OR</u></span></b> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">2½ pounds cut-up kosher boneless skinless chicken breasts</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">2 peeled and small diced yellow onions</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">128 ounces of kosher beef stock (4 x 32oz liquid boxes <b>or</b> equivalent ounces in powder form)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">7 peeled sliced large carrots</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">7 medium celery stalks, sliced</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">1 pound trimmed green beans</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">4 pounds peeled and "large diced" russet potatoes</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">3 cups corn kernels</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">2 cups white or red beans <b><span style="color: red;"><i>or</i></span></b> a mix</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">3 cans of 15oz <b><i><span style="color: red;">or</span></i></b> 1 x 28oz + 1 x 15 oz cans crushed tomatoes</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">¼ cup chopped fresh parsley</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #00b400; font-family: Merriweather Sans; font-size: x-large;"><b>reminder</b></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">Beef broth may contain a lot of salt. Make it from scratch <span style="color: red;"><b>or</b></span> shop accordingly.</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>INSTRUCTIONS</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In a large pot over medium-high heat, add 3 tablespoons of oil and cook the beef </span><span style="font-family: arial;">until browned </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red;"><b><u>OR</u></b></span> Chicken until browned </span><span style="font-family: arial;">and cooked through</span><span style="font-family: arial;">, which takes about 4-6 minutes. Remove and set aside.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Add the onions to the pot and brown over medium-low heat while stirring every 1-2 minutes, which takes about 10 minutes.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Add the cooked beef or chicken back into the pot along with the beef stock and cook for 30 minutes over medium heat to help tenderize the meats.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Place in the carrots, celery, green beans, potatoes, corn, beans, and tomatoes and cook for 20-25 minutes over medium-low heat or until tender.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Salt and pepper to taste.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Finish with parsley.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Serve with a crusty French or Italian bread.<br /><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #00b400; font-family: Merriweather Sans; font-size: x-large;"><b>sidebar</b></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">I you make Miller's Kosher Mulligan Stew, please return and comment on this article</span><span style="font-family: arial;">.</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Courtesy of Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0Oconomowoc, WI 53066, USA43.1114407 -88.499451214.801206863821157 -123.6557012 71.421674536178841 -53.343201199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-84866923551240725932024-01-05T15:46:00.006-06:002024-01-06T18:02:39.253-06:00Al Capone's Police Photo from New York City, December 26, 1925. The real story.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">Twenty-six-year-old Al Capone's primary reason for being in New York was to bring his son, Albert "Sonny" Capone, to a specialist for a critical medical procedure. Sonny was suffering from a mastoid infection that threatened his life. The operation, thankfully, was successful and saved Sonny's life, although it left him partially deaf.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAbOfY8yQxSRiGSoNVvIqkrY2zNhLgGuT0BC78MoawH5PXnftRlwaV0ArIGa_cjdw2CMcMWFnKVg5XXb22yxJkIUTXsZTXdDcsno2LFHFjFz9r8hpxmUIzvewBUYAwPYxT106jGGB_jSNHF-hdgWhwaFPiSpxmek4wRccvqabZA-5wubx_ZoE1ZPaTsPw/s1466/capone,%20NYC.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1466" data-original-width="843" height="953" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAbOfY8yQxSRiGSoNVvIqkrY2zNhLgGuT0BC78MoawH5PXnftRlwaV0ArIGa_cjdw2CMcMWFnKVg5XXb22yxJkIUTXsZTXdDcsno2LFHFjFz9r8hpxmUIzvewBUYAwPYxT106jGGB_jSNHF-hdgWhwaFPiSpxmek4wRccvqabZA-5wubx_ZoE1ZPaTsPw/w549-h953/capone,%20NYC.png" width="549" /></a></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">While Sonny was recovering, Capone took the opportunity to socialize and visit old haunts. He ended up at the Adonis Social Club in Brooklyn, a speakeasy with ties to his former boss, Frankie Yale. During the early hours of December 26, a violent altercation broke out involving the infamous Irish mobster Richard "Pegleg" Lonergan. Lonergan was shot and killed, along with two of his associates, in what some believe was a planned hit orchestrated by Yale and potentially carried out with Capone's involvement.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Following the Adonis Social Club incident, Capone was briefly detained by the New York Police Department. This was likely due to his proximity to the crime scene and his high-profile status. While in police custody, he was photographed as part of a lineup procedure, a standard practice for identifying suspects.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">It's important to note that the exact details of the Adonis Social Club incident and Capone's role in it remain shrouded in some mystery. He was never officially charged with Lonergan's murder, but the incident undoubtedly added to his notoriety and cemented his image as a ruthless and powerful mob boss.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Copyright © 2024 Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. All rights reserved.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0New York, NY, USA40.7127753 -74.005972814.384961135082357 -109.1622228 67.040589464917645 -38.849722799999995tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-56201843374617449592024-01-04T10:19:00.001-06:002024-01-04T10:26:22.101-06:00The "Beep Line" from WLS (890 AM) radio, Chicago, explained.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">The "Beep Line" on Chicago's WLS AM radio wasn't explicitly started by any one disc jockey. It was a phenomenon that emerged organically from the technological limitations of the telephone system at the time. However, Richard "Dick" Orlando Biondi's popularity and engagement with his young listeners contributed significantly to its rise and popularity. Chicago teens whispered secrets between the beep (on hold) tones.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiUYPfM0a6EHuqpHd-BrBGrN0a2b7NjzzCmCQ6zoohFOpeqaRPx0zx37dsCIKOePRDsXryy5HDiKpUd7QI6mkelisjcc-qHGn-EDTwc-zUtBMYvi2sIaXVhjv8ZaVAAa-svFIuXvCaLRfcDEUsucgufwapnFwJ9NXztkBee5vJBT6we23SRg1_KL9TPQ8/s788/wls-am.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="788" height="421" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiUYPfM0a6EHuqpHd-BrBGrN0a2b7NjzzCmCQ6zoohFOpeqaRPx0zx37dsCIKOePRDsXryy5HDiKpUd7QI6mkelisjcc-qHGn-EDTwc-zUtBMYvi2sIaXVhjv8ZaVAAa-svFIuXvCaLRfcDEUsucgufwapnFwJ9NXztkBee5vJBT6we23SRg1_KL9TPQ8/w671-h421/wls-am.jpg" width="671" /></a></div><br /></div><div><b style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">Technical glitch:</span></b><span style="font-family: arial;"> Beep lines arose from busy signals. When two or more callers reached the same busy number, they could hear each other over the "beep" tone, creating an impromptu conference (party line) call. This phenomenon existed before Biondi on WLS (890 AM) but wasn't widely known.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv3vz7yQkgIbIoikcb6Mbhc7fdpVRBBV1CtJNtVReWTORh7WU-hFfbNtqebWSTHbTFrhdzbCaIhZ1cJB4NMj5xP54tPEDtymXyaDuD932PQBB2PKTstm7SQTpeS7B2nnVBMrvXF_QwQ4jq_MynRH_6drb7oN5bIpdfMxPeDENmJenNv6dlH_sTYUPQjSk/s2048/DJ%20Dick%20Biondi,%20WLS%20AM%20radio,%20Chicago.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1860" data-original-width="2048" height="582" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv3vz7yQkgIbIoikcb6Mbhc7fdpVRBBV1CtJNtVReWTORh7WU-hFfbNtqebWSTHbTFrhdzbCaIhZ1cJB4NMj5xP54tPEDtymXyaDuD932PQBB2PKTstm7SQTpeS7B2nnVBMrvXF_QwQ4jq_MynRH_6drb7oN5bIpdfMxPeDENmJenNv6dlH_sTYUPQjSk/w640-h582/DJ%20Dick%20Biondi,%20WLS%20AM%20radio,%20Chicago.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>Richard "Dick" Orlando Biondi</b></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><b style="color: #00b400; font-family: "Merriweather Sans"; font-size: xx-large;">sidebar</b></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">Hired in 1960, Biondi left WLS over a dispute involving the number of commercials on his radio show in 1963. Rumors and urban legends still persist that Biondi told an obscene joke on the air, which resulted in his being fired. Biondi returned to Chicago on WCFL (1000 AM) in 1967. In 1972, after a short time at WMAQ (AM), he left Chicago once again.</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>Biondi's teen appeal:</b></span> In the early 1960s, Biondi was WLS's most popular DJ, adored by Chicago teenagers. He frequently hosted interactive segments, inviting listeners nationwide to call collect, request songs, chat, and participate in contests.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>Word-of-mouth:</b></span> Teens discovered that calling popular numbers, especially during Biondi's show, sometimes landed them on a "beep line" with other callers. This created a thrill and fostered a sense of community.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><b style="color: #00b400; font-family: "Merriweather Sans"; font-size: xx-large;">sidebar</b></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">As the years passed, people confessed to setting up a date with a stranger via the Beep Line.</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>Biondi's acknowledgment:</b></span> Though he didn't actively promote beep lines, Biondi occasionally acknowledged them on air, further fueling their popularity. This unintentional endorsement cemented their association with WLS and Biondi's show.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">So, while Dick Biondi wasn't the "inventor" of the beep line, his immense popularity and the interactive nature of his show undoubtedly amplified the phenomenon and made WLS the epicenter of beep line activity in Chicago during the early 1960s.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com1Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798213.567879763821153 -122.7860482 70.188347436178844 -52.473548199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-42365217131671911132023-12-29T21:01:00.004-06:002024-01-19T17:41:32.296-06:00Ford's Theatre vs. Ford’s Opera House, Washington, DC<div><span style="font-family: arial;">Ford's Athenaeum was a theatre located at 511 10th Street NW, Washington, D.C., which opened in 1861. After a fire destroyed it in 1862, he rebuilt a new building on the same site and named it Ford's Theatre, which opened </span><span style="font-family: arial;">in 1865. </span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaBKmoI5zpgZSR5Sb8fHjPQ11lI-GqUvC_hJ4iaVlNd5dVtugfjjV9ShJ1wRpvhfbMgXNxWzs1Z4hMYwNKamcLEtWfzJ4ZTf2UO7W6grBLyGocim3ahAkY2Se1KDwynjdTBS-QDwGjsecFg7ZgKVfQge0Q1Up77YMr4KpoxP3AWGFedyI1sSDG4Hx392w/s800/Ford's%20Theater.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="637" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaBKmoI5zpgZSR5Sb8fHjPQ11lI-GqUvC_hJ4iaVlNd5dVtugfjjV9ShJ1wRpvhfbMgXNxWzs1Z4hMYwNKamcLEtWfzJ4ZTf2UO7W6grBLyGocim3ahAkY2Se1KDwynjdTBS-QDwGjsecFg7ZgKVfQge0Q1Up77YMr4KpoxP3AWGFedyI1sSDG4Hx392w/w407-h510/Ford's%20Theater.jpg" width="407" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Ticket Color Determines the Seating Section.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzH_XX8FIc3XWZau_gElI5T7gpWAQhW6943CMxAQiLDnmj_zGZvuRiChP2GIvr462HGm-9HAtLm5EbYXemJaLnl-CLuaz7pW15Yw8IK5fLOPmhP3iYCDa4ZORasBr0LYl8RbAwqKjHqRq97avpCXN9HAgrOo4KQm7mA52v4xAAmBJWOC-sYKjkaJBdgzU/s1487/Ford's-Theater-Ticket-Late-1860s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="1487" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzH_XX8FIc3XWZau_gElI5T7gpWAQhW6943CMxAQiLDnmj_zGZvuRiChP2GIvr462HGm-9HAtLm5EbYXemJaLnl-CLuaz7pW15Yw8IK5fLOPmhP3iYCDa4ZORasBr0LYl8RbAwqKjHqRq97avpCXN9HAgrOo4KQm7mA52v4xAAmBJWOC-sYKjkaJBdgzU/w669-h272/Ford's-Theater-Ticket-Late-1860s.jpg" width="669" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Ford's Theatre Ticket, Late 1860s.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The building is now named "Ford's Theatre National Historic Site."</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipAYoZkQ1_mMhpFaKTQoiGCHucYeHm9vm2qJQMWXUB8opOosu49yTkyMSAC9BIQdmIj49j6d8ytKvdcDe4jaOJEfWU1F3adaRNBWx4cEtHiky8ovew54ZE1lrvJ7E6KPkVT81NvP7vKUFW0EyoF0OHTUXl-U8t13Obtf7sJtb4f1TY9pxqv6MTZFfebXc/s961/Ford's%20Theater%20-%20Opera%20House.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="743" data-original-width="961" height="518" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipAYoZkQ1_mMhpFaKTQoiGCHucYeHm9vm2qJQMWXUB8opOosu49yTkyMSAC9BIQdmIj49j6d8ytKvdcDe4jaOJEfWU1F3adaRNBWx4cEtHiky8ovew54ZE1lrvJ7E6KPkVT81NvP7vKUFW0EyoF0OHTUXl-U8t13Obtf7sJtb4f1TY9pxqv6MTZFfebXc/w671-h518/Ford's%20Theater%20-%20Opera%20House.png" width="671" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>The Two Theatres Owned By John Thompson Ford </b></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>(1829-1894).</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: arial;">Ford's Opera House was a theatre at the southwest corner of 6th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC., which opened in 1871. Ford's Opera House closed in 1928 and was demolished in 1930.</span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijVzuo1DHr4YHjU2ia1uV-IRUc0gSDhuGHDXvBTxb5Daez8Xk-WsArxtSEn_qEqQB7yuu9bc6i8j45-XBhyphenhyphen-HOYuHLsLcMP26pMFvRunF429-oBBH2iFS7Ei8xUk3M4o6iTFwllyRkarv6eLJ1DPV3fJ19fs8X0ZvqVxHcORKqGjwDBx9QizWXNaF3LcM/s895/Ford%E2%80%99s%20Opera%20House,%20SW%20corner%20of%206th%20Street%20and%20Pennsylvania%20Avenue,%20Washington,%20DC.PNG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="519" data-original-width="895" height="389" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijVzuo1DHr4YHjU2ia1uV-IRUc0gSDhuGHDXvBTxb5Daez8Xk-WsArxtSEn_qEqQB7yuu9bc6i8j45-XBhyphenhyphen-HOYuHLsLcMP26pMFvRunF429-oBBH2iFS7Ei8xUk3M4o6iTFwllyRkarv6eLJ1DPV3fJ19fs8X0ZvqVxHcORKqGjwDBx9QizWXNaF3LcM/w669-h389/Ford%E2%80%99s%20Opera%20House,%20SW%20corner%20of%206th%20Street%20and%20Pennsylvania%20Avenue,%20Washington,%20DC.PNG" width="669" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Ford's Opera House, 1928</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The brainchild of renowned theatre manager John T. Ford, the opera house opened its doors to the public on October 2, 1871. It was a magnificent structure, boasting a grand Italianate facade, a spacious auditorium with plush seating for 1,700, and a state-of-the-art stage equipped for elaborate productions. </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbuRGM0ff6P0BNidYyPcIBnw3nDx6aZq4N19KfmbEDGxMQPXRcb29S58PI4s5T5fxw3mJW5OfNYSKwn5HoXwLVHnu5OVqbMSDgLj7XZgWWz3dGFAGpwVK9thrbS9z08qzpoQXFsSYIcAU5kBwQs_9MMfv4KJcFh7b9Mymh_YtOzoWYrs2SZtpILEIUb3I/s772/Ford's%20Opera%20House%20Letterhead.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="273" data-original-width="772" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbuRGM0ff6P0BNidYyPcIBnw3nDx6aZq4N19KfmbEDGxMQPXRcb29S58PI4s5T5fxw3mJW5OfNYSKwn5HoXwLVHnu5OVqbMSDgLj7XZgWWz3dGFAGpwVK9thrbS9z08qzpoQXFsSYIcAU5kBwQs_9MMfv4KJcFh7b9Mymh_YtOzoWYrs2SZtpILEIUb3I/w670-h227/Ford's%20Opera%20House%20Letterhead.jpg" width="670" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Ford's Opera House Stationary Header.</b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The opera house quickly became a popular destination for Washingtonians, offering diverse performances, from grand operas and operettas to Shakespearean plays, vaudeville acts, and even political rallies. Notably, the famous newspaper publisher Horace Greeley was nominated as the Liberal Republican presidential candidate in 1872.</span></div></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguOX7-SIQgSt_zH084Huavaseinpa9PMy0o9LsiJqaqhgnCgIlne0O96bCScxG7uikYvEHCAqQLo52kUK3n9LYF-jWE-THo6D8ssGMeOloX1G1FmdbjpCmYcvwZqeTXbLCMWcNrUqbY57zAUyo9FLA5ewBIqengRfR9wstNnNc_xXhk0w6kTxHtyfaiSk/s686/Ford%E2%80%99s%20Opera%20House,%20Washington,%20DC%20Ticket.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="686" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguOX7-SIQgSt_zH084Huavaseinpa9PMy0o9LsiJqaqhgnCgIlne0O96bCScxG7uikYvEHCAqQLo52kUK3n9LYF-jWE-THo6D8ssGMeOloX1G1FmdbjpCmYcvwZqeTXbLCMWcNrUqbY57zAUyo9FLA5ewBIqengRfR9wstNnNc_xXhk0w6kTxHtyfaiSk/w400-h241/Ford%E2%80%99s%20Opera%20House,%20Washington,%20DC%20Ticket.png" width="400" /></a></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">As the years passed, the opera house faced increasing competition from other theatres and entertainment venues in the city. The rise of vaudeville and musical comedy further eroded its audience for traditional operas.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">By the early 20th century, the opera house was struggling financially. Attempts were made to revive its fortunes by hosting silent films and other popular attractions, but the success was short-lived.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">After a final performance on April 29, 1928, the curtain fell on Ford's Opera House for the last time. The building was eventually demolished in 1930 to make way for a parking garage, sadly erasing a piece of Washington's cultural history.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">While the physical structure is no more, the legacy of Ford's Opera House remains. It was a pioneering venue that brought world-class entertainment to Washington, D.C. and played a significant role in the city's cultural life. Its demise serves as a reminder of the ever-evolving nature of the arts and the importance of preserving our cultural heritage.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span><div><span style="color: #00b400; font-family: Merriweather Sans; font-size: x-large;"><b>sidebar</b></span></div></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">John Thompson Ford worked as a bookseller in Richmond, Virginia. Ford wrote a comedy play poking fun at Richmond society. The farce was entitled "<i>Richmond As It Is</i>," and was produced by a minstrel company called the Nightingale Serenaders. It focused on humorous aspects of everyday life. This type of play is termed "observational comedy," which is exactly the type of humor that Jerry Seinfeld has used to established one of the most successful comedy careers of our era. He worked in management with the Nightingale Serenaders, traveling around the country. During his career, Ford managed theatres in Alexandria, Virginia; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Charleston, South Carolina; and Richmond, Virginia.</span></div></span></div><div><span><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;"><br /></span></div></span></div><div><span><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">Ford was the manager of this highly successful theatre at the time of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. He was a good friend of Lincoln's assassin, John Wilkes Booth, a famous actor. Ford drew further suspicion upon himself by being in Richmond, Virginia, at the time of the assassination on April 14, 1865. Until April 2, 1865, Richmond had been the capital of the Confederate States of America and a center of anti-Lincoln conspiracies.</span></div></span></div><div><span><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;"><br /></span></div></span></div><div><span><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">An order was issued for Ford's arrest, and on April 18, he was arrested at his Baltimore home. His brothers, James and Harry Clay Ford, were thrown into prison along with him. John Ford complained of the effect that his incarceration would have on his business and family, and he offered to help with the investigation. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton made no reply to his two letters. After 39 days, the brothers were finally fully exonerated and set free since there was no evidence of their complicity in the crime. The government seized the theatre, and Ford was paid $88,000 ($1.7 Million today) for it by Congress.</span></div></span></div></blockquote><div><span><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com1Washington, DC, USA38.9071923 -77.036870710.596958463821153 -112.1931207 67.217426136178844 -41.880620699999994tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-42047040688034449072023-12-29T10:24:00.000-06:002023-12-29T10:24:14.524-06:00President Abraham Lincoln's New Year's Events.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">Abraham Lincoln's New Year's events varied depending on the year and the circumstances surrounding the country. From quiet family dinners during the Civil War's early years to more formal receptions with rising optimism as the war progressed, each celebration was shaped by the unique circumstances surrounding the nation. <br /><br />Here's a glimpse into Lincoln's notable New Year's:</span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUNrdOrdh7z4-qYpInllKwo1VkKH1gYVLFEn_qiSXIndR8EPRlrL1j6MdY7Ub2Nm7__zxUPD80JdheiYuaxbzgQJI_eNGz1D67uCBsgSsxn7Fh6pMD87pB3QNG4IeJVvm873WyN_QIu0Rt64HLcbTl9PI8aUXDAlLWF7duzlU6aNaYE1NOkRXNikm5Ze8/s640/Lincoln-Age.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="613" data-original-width="640" height="641" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUNrdOrdh7z4-qYpInllKwo1VkKH1gYVLFEn_qiSXIndR8EPRlrL1j6MdY7Ub2Nm7__zxUPD80JdheiYuaxbzgQJI_eNGz1D67uCBsgSsxn7Fh6pMD87pB3QNG4IeJVvm873WyN_QIu0Rt64HLcbTl9PI8aUXDAlLWF7duzlU6aNaYE1NOkRXNikm5Ze8/w668-h641/Lincoln-Age.jpg" width="668" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>The Presidency Sure Took Its Toll On Abraham Lincoln.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>New Year's Day 1863: </b>This New Year's marked a turning point in the Civil War. In the early hours of the morning of January 1, Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring freedom for enslaved people in Confederate states. While not a public celebration, it was a momentous occasion for the nation and a significant step towards ending slavery.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>New Year's Eve 1864:</b> This New Year's Eve brought good news. General William T. Sherman captured Savannah, Georgia, as a Christmas present to the President. Washington erupted in celebration, and Lincoln attended a reception for his cabinet, where there was much jubilation over the Union's progress.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>New Year's Day 1864:</b> The war continued, but there were glimmers of hope. Lincoln held a traditional New Year's Day reception at the White House, welcoming well-wishers and diplomats. Though the mood was somber, there was a sense of determination to see the Union through to victory.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>New Year's Eve 1865:</b> Tragically, this would be Lincoln's last New Year's. Just five days later, he was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>New Year's Day 1865:</b> Lincoln's New Year's Day reception was particularly joyous, with the war nearing its end. He delivered a hopeful speech expressing his confidence in the Union's victory and the nation's future.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The Civil War overshadowed Abraham Lincoln's New Year's celebrations throughout his presidency. However, he also used these occasions to express hope for the future and to rally the nation behind the Union cause. His dedication to the country and his unwavering spirit are what we remember most about Abraham Lincoln, even in the midst of difficult times. <br /><br />It's rumored that Mary Lincoln may have baked Abraham's favorite dessert<b>:</b> <a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2020/11/abe-lincolns-favorite-gingerbread-and-topping-recipes.html" target="_blank"><b>Gingerbread with an Apple and Brown Sugar Topping.</b></a><br /><br />Copyright © 2023 Dr. Neil Gale. All rights reserved.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-38594489291165800942023-12-25T11:36:00.000-06:002023-12-25T11:36:31.566-06:00Hope Shines in Chicago Amidst the Great Depression's Shadow.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">Christmas in 1930s Chicago during the Great Depression starkly contrasted with today's festive holiday. The Windy City, once a bustling industry hub, was gripped by the harsh realities of economic hardship. Unemployment hovered around 50%, breadlines snaked around city blocks, <b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2022/05/the-truth-about-al-capones-soup-kitchen.html" target="_blank">soup kitchens</a></b> overflowed, and families huddled in cramped, unheated apartments. Yet, amidst the despair, flickers of hope and resilience illuminated the season.</span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNHNfiKrjdkNZ8Pf3KKNdiS2BfCPwZ9nERiUhGGD7BgXIDsqRo7CcWIChd3GT3r4K99p3PXPKRVm8ixxW0ABe2DtwFB5wPGpflfn_7oasywGzfjpAb0H89MFftKG93LEu25sOG79aBSDYl7jQCbFMkyD7TaPNRjvc1IcK66VY-ThCc_TlUGfrkomT0aDs/s1024/LZZDA6CA7NBEVE34PIPYBTDEMY.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="819" data-original-width="1024" height="536" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNHNfiKrjdkNZ8Pf3KKNdiS2BfCPwZ9nERiUhGGD7BgXIDsqRo7CcWIChd3GT3r4K99p3PXPKRVm8ixxW0ABe2DtwFB5wPGpflfn_7oasywGzfjpAb0H89MFftKG93LEu25sOG79aBSDYl7jQCbFMkyD7TaPNRjvc1IcK66VY-ThCc_TlUGfrkomT0aDs/w670-h536/LZZDA6CA7NBEVE34PIPYBTDEMY.png" width="670" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Chicago men wait in a soup line during the Great Depression in the 1930s.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Christmas, in its essence, is a celebration of hope. And in the bleakest days of the Depression, that hope was more precious than ever. It was the hope for a better tomorrow, a job, a warm meal, a future where families could be together again.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>A City of Contradictions:</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Glittering department stores on Michigan Avenue displayed lavish Christmas wares, a cruel reminder of the unobtainable for many. Meanwhile, soup kitchens overflowed, and makeshift shelters emerged in abandoned buildings.</span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_zvRRKZnaCOoQb53i1HwF8ZJ-ueqwp2Wd8iBxgeYy39sIBHX4DlcFq3uo1kcJuYIqFv8eUbqhIgUrChglW7qV1F5ppBB_MwUml9P00fz1iJKz7MEX6sI8e5yshXR4vsP3gc4kyRM88MzzrEiNQtkEF4FeVa3BG8z18AowJag75du4ye1x2u-S3WJOsJs/s1273/FU5VRNEV6NDH5IZVU3GTNBEVVI.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1273" data-original-width="1024" height="828" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_zvRRKZnaCOoQb53i1HwF8ZJ-ueqwp2Wd8iBxgeYy39sIBHX4DlcFq3uo1kcJuYIqFv8eUbqhIgUrChglW7qV1F5ppBB_MwUml9P00fz1iJKz7MEX6sI8e5yshXR4vsP3gc4kyRM88MzzrEiNQtkEF4FeVa3BG8z18AowJag75du4ye1x2u-S3WJOsJs/w664-h828/FU5VRNEV6NDH5IZVU3GTNBEVVI.png" width="664" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>People rallied for jobs and in support of unions in Chicago in 1930.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Christmas spirit, however, refused to be extinguished. Families decorated trees with handmade ornaments crafted from paper chains, popcorn strings, and painted pinecones. Homemade carols filled the air, sung by carolers bundled in threadbare coats.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The hardships fostered a sense of community. Neighbors shared meager meals, bartered skills for goods, and organized charity drives. Churches, Synagogues,</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> and charitable organizations became lifelines, offering food, shelter, and a sense of shared humanity.</span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5lEnW8Wft5q3MY2bnfby3mJt1DwComyDsMQBRWRqQiSDmCtPncVmqQEQwCNxLPaFtnpAMCQVhsJTMTCqe51JaQWdvnrhAdQgrfBPvvld7Tf5y7qnFHppDWGMX26S1A9X2dGHTwPQW4AMnVwBB5QkRiVnaBkvYvcWdBVtYBQEgCD9w8ru7BumGn2UNDhw/s1024/UIK6CESPJFAMZJQHR56MBBKUKI.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="843" data-original-width="1024" height="548" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5lEnW8Wft5q3MY2bnfby3mJt1DwComyDsMQBRWRqQiSDmCtPncVmqQEQwCNxLPaFtnpAMCQVhsJTMTCqe51JaQWdvnrhAdQgrfBPvvld7Tf5y7qnFHppDWGMX26S1A9X2dGHTwPQW4AMnVwBB5QkRiVnaBkvYvcWdBVtYBQEgCD9w8ru7BumGn2UNDhw/w667-h548/UIK6CESPJFAMZJQHR56MBBKUKI.png" width="667" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Mayor William Hale Thompson posed next to baskets of Christmas cheer for the poor at Polk Street and Marshfield Avenue in December 1930. The baskets were donated by Joseph Savage and the 25th Ward Republican Club.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Gifts of a Different Kind:</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">With jobs scarce, time became a precious commodity. Families cherished moments spent together, playing games by candlelight, sharing stories, and listening to the radio.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Necessity became the mother of invention. Broken toys were mended, clothes were patched, and discarded materials were transformed into Christmas decorations and gifts.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Christmas, above all, offered a glimmer of hope. Despite the bleak present, people clung to the belief that better times were on the horizon. They sang carols of joy, prayed for brighter days, and held onto the promise of a new year.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfmjk1L9Cogurp9gDfHdhh-nKXmwdVHLZJd3WLlsqcJPDl8gIhwDtbTLHHPHVaegVTCcjcDIoIP-wDzVo9gPTiuUiUMQn3CbzEdFvWSXLgSewq-XS2Uui1Wm2li5yQFepJfa0TTH49MYsGqWJgwKPwyOh4IeHukYeDkIHVQdBpP401EzzcOl92uihyVQU/s1155/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1155" data-original-width="880" height="877" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfmjk1L9Cogurp9gDfHdhh-nKXmwdVHLZJd3WLlsqcJPDl8gIhwDtbTLHHPHVaegVTCcjcDIoIP-wDzVo9gPTiuUiUMQn3CbzEdFvWSXLgSewq-XS2Uui1Wm2li5yQFepJfa0TTH49MYsGqWJgwKPwyOh4IeHukYeDkIHVQdBpP401EzzcOl92uihyVQU/w669-h877/download.jpg" width="669" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The Christmas of 1930s Chicago was a testament to the human spirit's enduring strength. In the face of unimaginable hardship, Chicagoans found ways to celebrate, connect, and hold onto hope. Their story is a reminder that even in the darkest times, the light of compassion, creativity, and community can find a way to shine through.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Copyright © 2023 Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. All rights reserved.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com1Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798213.567879763821153 -122.7860482 70.188347436178844 -52.473548199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-71733108817104783692023-12-17T21:29:00.006-06:002023-12-18T09:13:44.809-06:00SCHUETZEN PARK TO RIVERVIEW PARK; FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE.<div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b>Schützen Park, Chicago. (1879-1903)</b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Schützen Park,</b></span> also known as Sharpshooters' Park, was located on the banks of the Chicago River between Belmont Avenue and Roscoe Street, with the main entrance on Western Avenue in Chicago, Illinois.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Sanborn Fire Map from 1894 - Western Avenue was the western border between former Jefferson Township and the City of Lake View - both annexed to Chicago in 1889.</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Details of Schützen Park/Sharpshooters' Park Sanborn Fire Map from 1894.</b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">German veterans from the Franco-Prussian War, who served in Fredrich the Great's "Jaeger Rifle Corps." held target practice there every Sunday afternoon using paper targets and toasting the winners with steins of beer.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">It all started with a man named Wilhelm A. Schmidt who, during the late 1800s, wanted nothing more than to open a modest "Sharpshooters' Park." Schützen Park (Schützenverein in German: Shooting Club) did well until 1903, when Schmidt’s son, George, returned from school. Upon returning from Europe, George told stories of the parks he had seen, which boasted fantastic Ferris Wheels, Carousels, and more. He argued that these rides would attract people from all over. With monetary help from a lawyer named William Johnson and a banker, Joseph McQuade, his vision quickly became a reality. After that point, the park became known as “Riverview Sharpshooters' Park” and was home to three rides. </span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Legend has it that the wives complained about being left behind with the children in the scorching heat of the summer. Soon, families packed picnic baskets and went to the park with their husbands. To occupy the family's time, a shaded area had benches and tables set up, and free band concerts were played. Rifle practice was soon discontinued, though rifle ranges and shooting galleries (with real bullets) later became a permanent part of <b><a href="http://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2017/01/riverview-amusement-park-chicago.html" target="_blank">Riverview Park</a></b>.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">George Goldman and William Schmidt purchased the 22 acres of land after Schmidt sold his Sedgewick Street Bakery and his invention of the soda cracker to the National Biscuit Company in 1903. By 1903, there were 500 miles of streetcar tracks crisscrossing the city, making public access to the park possible from every point in Chicago for 5¢. A beer garden and some small food concession stands were soon added. Music, parades, band compositions, political rallies, games, and shows kept the park a lively center for cultural entertainment.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">The children complained that there was nothing for them to do. So, the owners opened a free playground. There were now many things to do - a slide, a teeter-totter, and a wading pool. Soon, they added one large restaurant, a large bandstand, a Rhine wine bar, five other taverns, a large 100-foot by 50-foot dance hall, an ice house, more chairs, tables, and benches.</span><br />
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<span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b>Riverview Sharpshooters' Park, Chicago. (1904-1908)</b></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">In 1904, there were 25 major picnics held at Sharpshooters' Park, ranging in attendance from 5,000 to 35,000 people. Riverview opened that year with the Sharpshooters' name. Ponies and goat carts were added to the park for the enjoyment of picnickers' children. The need for speed eventually made them obsolete. They were originally in the main area but later moved to an area they called “Kiddy Land”. Many concessions and games of skill became a part of the park, such as pop (</span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">soda pop)</span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"> and ice cream stands, a shooting gallery, ball-throwing, cane games, and pony rides.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Riverview Sharpshooters' Park's competition was the <b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2017/04/white-city-amusement-park-63rd-street.html" target="_blank">White City Amusement Park</a></b> and <b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2017/11/sans-souci-amusement-park-chicago-Illinois.html" target="_blank">San Souci Amusement Park</a></b>, both located on the south side of the city. Rides and attractions were being introduced at Luna Park, Coney Island, and other East Coast locations with great success. George convinced his father to lease six acres of land fronting on Western Avenue to two Eastern amusement park representatives for $7,600 a year for a ten-year contract.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">The park opened on July 3, 1904, to the public with only three rides (owned by the Eastern representatives) plus some other concessions, all under tents. The use of electricity in illumination and spectacular shows attracted 32,000 people on opening day. The park closed the 1904 season with a profit of $63,000 with only 70 days of operation. All of the concessionaires made a nice profit.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">The Riverview Sharpshooters' Park Company (the "Sharpshooters' Park" part of the name was dropped in 1905) was formed, but competition became fierce when a fence between the two areas was removed. (The park had expanded to 140 acres and blossomed with 100 attractions by 1910.) When the 10-year lease expired, the Schmidt family gained full control of the park. The family kept Riverview Park one of the most successful in the industry despite economic trials and tough times like the great depression.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>FIRST RIDE</b></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">The "Figure 8" was the first roller coaster at Riverview Sharpshooters' Park. The ride has 12 cars on a trough-like track on a timber frame. A steam engine carried the cars up an incline, and gravity brought riders back to the starting point. The cars were guided by side-friction wheels and propelled on four swivel casters. The coaster has a few mild four-foot drops on a short track and went six miles an hour it cost $16,000 to build.</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">SECOND RIDE</span></b><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">The Merry-Go-Round was second in popularity to the Figure 8 roller coaster. It was a concession at Riverview Sharpshooters' Park, owned by the Eastern group. The "Morris Carousel" was described by the owner as having "very handsome figures in an octagon pavilion 100 feet across and 45 feet high." The cost of a ride was 5¢. (The larger "Fairyland Carousel" did not arrive until 1908) In the foreground is a glass etching souvenir booth.</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">THIRD RIDE</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">The "Thousand Islands" was the third ride in the park when it opened as Riverview Sharpshooters' Park. It was composed of 1,000 feet of canals with a 28-foot high chute. The boats passed through the canals at a slow speed, then were brought to the top of the incline, where they rapidly descended into a pool of water. The boats returned to the starting point. A large outdoor water wheel operated by a motor concealed behind scenery kept the water flowing in the canals. Dark tunnels and scenes to startle the riders were added. The ride was nicknamed Old Mill, Mill on the Floss, Tunnel of Love. and The Mill. For 10¢, riders could steal a kiss.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></div><b style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Riverview Amusement Park, Chicago. (1904-1908)</span></b></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="830" data-original-width="1280" height="414" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DYcJx-erqII/WixNLdr1KpI/AAAAAAAAUHE/FWvn9bDBy4kaVNMZzBzjaxgL-hrU5NZGwCLcBGAs/s640/15042238_10153876554955723_6604445428518780789_o.jpg" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial;">Riverview Park was an amusement park in Chicago, Illinois, which operated from 1904 to 1967. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2022/04/roller-coaster-accidents-at-riverview-park-chicago.html" target="_blank">All Reported Roller Coaster Accidents at Riverview Park.</a></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmZ55WbbVRoJ-22OCtoWPFBflmx9eFClyWSwWKOlh54a6eKXKHl9jOWO9J-i2g1rIpEZdPKMbQRRzslHaG4jfc7Xp5WWlghu5xndVWIsNAaR0C3T7AF0cNjADjRuV7x8inCq_VCYPIK8VwgK6r5WrYcH7EKOERH9tLWpDuRhDysEmJL919rwyQR1zkF5A/s1400/William%20Schmidt,%20the%20owner%20of%20Riverview,%20looks%20out%20over%20the%20park%20in%201967.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="928" data-original-width="1400" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmZ55WbbVRoJ-22OCtoWPFBflmx9eFClyWSwWKOlh54a6eKXKHl9jOWO9J-i2g1rIpEZdPKMbQRRzslHaG4jfc7Xp5WWlghu5xndVWIsNAaR0C3T7AF0cNjADjRuV7x8inCq_VCYPIK8VwgK6r5WrYcH7EKOERH9tLWpDuRhDysEmJL919rwyQR1zkF5A/w667-h442/William%20Schmidt,%20the%20owner%20of%20Riverview,%20looks%20out%20over%20the%20park%20in%201967.jpg" width="667" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>William Schmidt, owner of Riverview, looks out over the park in 1967, the last season.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Gypk7NJ3mUY/YPHG-hw7AVI/AAAAAAAAmUE/VQ3YyKSi8x4BvmZlFO_ok1A5hScAzp4AgCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/View%2Blooks%2Bnorth%2Bon%2BWestern%252C%2BJune%2B10%252C%2B1956.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1358" data-original-width="2048" height="445" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Gypk7NJ3mUY/YPHG-hw7AVI/AAAAAAAAmUE/VQ3YyKSi8x4BvmZlFO_ok1A5hScAzp4AgCLcBGAsYHQ/w672-h445/View%2Blooks%2Bnorth%2Bon%2BWestern%252C%2BJune%2B10%252C%2B1956.jpg" width="672" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Looking north on Western Avenue, June 10, 1956.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="530" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sK5I_QgZgEU/WH2Wk3S_CjI/AAAAAAAANPE/wr5mB8gOxcceHV-G3s-IdaVM3jFI_3-KgCEw/w671-h530/Riverview_Chicago_Signs-Ads_001.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="671" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>Located on 74 acres in an area bound on the south and east by Belmont and Western Avenues, respectively, on the north by Lane Technical High School and on the west by the north branch of the Chicago River.</b></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: arial;">Unlike other parks, admission was close to free, and you paid separately for each ride. This approach appealed to the working class of Chicago and kept the park doing well for quite some time. </span><div><span style="font-family: arial;">
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<span face="">In 1906 the park saw a noteworthy increase in space, adding 50 acres and about 500,000 dollars worth of rides. Riverview was growing from a humble family-owned park to the kind of place kids swooned over. </span><br />
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<span face="">In 1907, a new front gate was erected, followed by the addition of the Velvet Coaster, the Pikes Peak Scenic Railway, a racetrack, and a whole new section of the park called Fairyland.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7DpOpEPfWhg/WH2YCKBjVvI/AAAAAAAANhs/G8tCNW2mthkqU_K5sY7amG6QZR0XUkX9QCEw/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_002.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" height="503" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7DpOpEPfWhg/WH2YCKBjVvI/AAAAAAAANhs/G8tCNW2mthkqU_K5sY7amG6QZR0XUkX9QCEw/w671-h503/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_002.jpg" width="671" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Velvet Coaster.</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In 1908, they introduced two new attractions, which stunned and amazed park-goers. The first was the Battle of the Monitor and Merrimac, a recreation of the Civil War naval battle. The second was a 70-foot carousel, admired greatly for being hand-carved and painted by a group of Swiss and Italian craftsmen.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihzEagG1R03sza23ywkPqYbOIN3kOp_l3CMvipUhvOrHh7n7MjvFvxmcyBqTAuaSTk4Sad5FZ7_lhFASCNDhSeRE0YOVTmvpjq2l_GCpPdijtSKujaI487AbR90H8s48O9eIiKIHrz2JtwmKizdd-MOealuhGiG-UmYQArcgI0z2q1QOV_qhP99QWA/s849/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_003.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="715" data-original-width="849" height="564" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihzEagG1R03sza23ywkPqYbOIN3kOp_l3CMvipUhvOrHh7n7MjvFvxmcyBqTAuaSTk4Sad5FZ7_lhFASCNDhSeRE0YOVTmvpjq2l_GCpPdijtSKujaI487AbR90H8s48O9eIiKIHrz2JtwmKizdd-MOealuhGiG-UmYQArcgI0z2q1QOV_qhP99QWA/w671-h564/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_003.jpg" width="671" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>The Merry-Go-Round, installed in 1904, was a concession at Riverview Sharpshooters' Park owned by the Eastern group. It was second in popularity to the Figure 8 roller coaster. The "Morris Merry-Go-Round" was described by the owner as having "very handsome figures in an octagon pavilion 100 feet across and 45 feet high." The cost of a ride was 5¢. In the foreground is a glass etching souvenir booth. The larger E. Joy-Morris "Fairyland Carousel" did not arrive until 1908.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHqTVJmb_13xRGlKIxnEBhOnS4K8gqS5HoQAad3jx-LXCk7MtgOgIQONaCQ_Lkikmtg4nh2_jPhXxhzDDJHK3HusYhDrdukBcEEbSQDU2S63ccq9_9_L-X9eMG_BsNcueUEfA7JrOEKobAqmmvNfFd7VbqMkshljcZ-WSY6dSZlLhIYJiskiC7yrQZ/s1200/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_003a.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1009" data-original-width="1200" height="538" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHqTVJmb_13xRGlKIxnEBhOnS4K8gqS5HoQAad3jx-LXCk7MtgOgIQONaCQ_Lkikmtg4nh2_jPhXxhzDDJHK3HusYhDrdukBcEEbSQDU2S63ccq9_9_L-X9eMG_BsNcueUEfA7JrOEKobAqmmvNfFd7VbqMkshljcZ-WSY6dSZlLhIYJiskiC7yrQZ/w640-h538/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_003a.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style="color: red; font-family: arial;">Riverview Sharpshooters' Park </b><b style="color: red; font-family: arial;">Merry-Go-Round.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmu1grSNuKaVpzwGhuhZNlx8EPq9oxCHWdELZki8sTBGetOoGI1QrXItsudGSeHDsQ-bakTMHrIg2_DGvB17O-Qs6j6JKM_IzcIeBJzG__PVRyNNHJjXZpDaP7uqeDHtFf2apn-L6hhsfu2JFngk_wcgHef09mHl_xd0G0ZK-ehSeNifBZ2RyHXqoB/s1035/E_Joy-Morris_Fairyland-Carousel_1909.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="552" data-original-width="1035" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmu1grSNuKaVpzwGhuhZNlx8EPq9oxCHWdELZki8sTBGetOoGI1QrXItsudGSeHDsQ-bakTMHrIg2_DGvB17O-Qs6j6JKM_IzcIeBJzG__PVRyNNHJjXZpDaP7uqeDHtFf2apn-L6hhsfu2JFngk_wcgHef09mHl_xd0G0ZK-ehSeNifBZ2RyHXqoB/w640-h342/E_Joy-Morris_Fairyland-Carousel_1909.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Riverview's original E. Joy-Morris' new Carousel was installed in 1908. It was one of the largest ever built, holding five rows of 70 large hand-carved and painted horses by Swiss and Italian woodcarvers from the Philadelphia Toboggan Coaster Company. It was located just inside the main gate.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBgoOL0S5mKLDHalDnUZK5ciOKLNWuDaAs7biyTQmNo2ofIvgL2tfXz3JO7omnwJKE_iRTUIrbbVgBwBTB-xzRUVxtVERYtcrHGlY7SAeWp_ssdESkdVGVVM-US1OrqqDl2wUma3WAoYoRHMw-EGS87meYMdt_Crm_LX_gWTt1ooO_NF3hzIdReVG8/s687/Riverview%20Carousel%20Horse.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="472" data-original-width="687" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBgoOL0S5mKLDHalDnUZK5ciOKLNWuDaAs7biyTQmNo2ofIvgL2tfXz3JO7omnwJKE_iRTUIrbbVgBwBTB-xzRUVxtVERYtcrHGlY7SAeWp_ssdESkdVGVVM-US1OrqqDl2wUma3WAoYoRHMw-EGS87meYMdt_Crm_LX_gWTt1ooO_NF3hzIdReVG8/w640-h440/Riverview%20Carousel%20Horse.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>This wooden carousel horse was hand-carved and painted by Leo Zoller. The horse is black and white with a sculpted gray mane and tail and </b><b>glass eyes</b><b>. Sculpted feathers with red and blue tips are around his neck. A sculpted golden-yellow lion pelt with a head, legs and tail makes the saddle. Brown leather strap/reins attached at the mouth with metal hardware. The horse is in galloping pose with legs bent up towards the body (Height: 51 in; Width: 17.5 in; Depth: 70 in) 1908. The last horse was donated to the Chicago History Museum.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Winter saw the addition of a roller rink and ballroom often filled with jubilant jazz and courting couples. At this point, the park had grown to 102 acres and continued adding eateries, games, shows, and more. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">
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<span face="">In 1909 once again, the park's name changed to "Riverview Exposition Park" and became a household name. The addition of new rides continued ever strong, introducing The Tickler, Expo Whirl, and Witching Waves in 1910 and the Metrodome in 1911. In </span><span face="">1913, there was yet another name change – and the final one </span><span face="">–</span><span face=""> where the name was simplified to Riverview Park.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-H7bZAz8Px2A/YIyYw-0y8_I/AAAAAAAAlcE/ai5slXlUUloMUbr0izOs6QzZMVqFYYwIwCLcBGAsYHQ/s512/The%2BBig%2BDipper%252C%2BRiverview%2B1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="512" height="458" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-H7bZAz8Px2A/YIyYw-0y8_I/AAAAAAAAlcE/ai5slXlUUloMUbr0izOs6QzZMVqFYYwIwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h458/The%2BBig%2BDipper%252C%2BRiverview%2B1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>The Big Dipper, in the 1920s</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4VZAdeGjS20/YIyYxGFSArI/AAAAAAAAlcI/IfiiGeV-B6cgmOCmtER9TWwDlOOOOP0LgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1440/The%2BBig%2BDipper%252C%2BRiverview%2B2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="918" data-original-width="1440" height="408" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4VZAdeGjS20/YIyYxGFSArI/AAAAAAAAlcI/IfiiGeV-B6cgmOCmtER9TWwDlOOOOP0LgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h408/The%2BBig%2BDipper%252C%2BRiverview%2B2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>The Big Dipper, in the 1920s</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span face="">During the time of prohibition in the 1920s, Riverview was known as a speak-easy, as you could still find beer and liquor. Throughout the course of the decade, they continued adding more rides, including the most popular "The Bobs," with a nearly 90-foot drop.</span></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vfHiCJPOBRo/WH2YGDz18HI/AAAAAAAANhw/xrC5te7VUCkK4okkri1N1ETeM9il5PdtACEw/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_037.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" height="553" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vfHiCJPOBRo/WH2YGDz18HI/AAAAAAAANhw/xrC5te7VUCkK4okkri1N1ETeM9il5PdtACEw/s640/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_037.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span face="">That wasn't the only thing breaking records. George Schmidt also invented the famous foot-long hot dog around this time to be filling and inexpensive when things became hard during the Depression. During this time period, Riverview adopted the motto "<i>Laugh Your Troubles Away at Riverview!</i>"</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Riverview saw prosperity throughout the 1950s, becoming a favorite to the returning servicemen of WWII. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">The late 50s also brought a new slogan, "</span><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>Riverview Park - Just for Fun.</i>" </span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgSyUIcg-B3IKsIZVp1EQ1tfREjBlxCGptXPArEtiE6Qu2OIwPQprFL7ap3mncvbKLc1zpkNM6UuTUuxr5OoySYRAWMLrAhXvTQg-JC60DL1Y7R3iIUuZ9wxz7AW_elljekVEPJWFRAMicDrrodGVtwmqzAVRuYk80x1qSXvFOK1ysIvTdegUJxkqnf=s818" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="658" data-original-width="818" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgSyUIcg-B3IKsIZVp1EQ1tfREjBlxCGptXPArEtiE6Qu2OIwPQprFL7ap3mncvbKLc1zpkNM6UuTUuxr5OoySYRAWMLrAhXvTQg-JC60DL1Y7R3iIUuZ9wxz7AW_elljekVEPJWFRAMicDrrodGVtwmqzAVRuYk80x1qSXvFOK1ysIvTdegUJxkqnf=w640-h514" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Riverview Park hosted a live radio show with Buddy Black called "Riverview Funtime" that aired on WGN-AM 720 in the 1950s.</b></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The early 1960s were good years for </span><span style="font-family: arial;">the baby boomer generation. </span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="684" data-original-width="880" height="496" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tiZiVIQKWoA/XG2IX4vU4EI/AAAAAAAAajQ/aAvHkBmjejo40iofp4m-dsP-ytoRlg-uQCLcBGAs/s640/PSX_20190220_110121.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>The intersection of Belmont, Western, and Claybourn Avenues, looking west on Belmont. Note the Riverview sign. 1960</b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><span face="">At the end of the 1967 season, Riverview Park advertised its opening date for 1968. Shortly after the end of the season, the park announced on October 3, 1967, that it would not reopen. There was much speculation about why. The park had been profitable until it closed. It was rumored that escalating racial tensions and de facto segregation in Chicago in the 1960s made the owners uncomfortable and less willing to keep the park open. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face="">In truth, however, Riverview Park likely closed for economic reasons. While it was profitable, the $6.5 million sales price was too good to pass up, and within a few months, Riverview Park was no more.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><div><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">What Became of Riverview’s Rides and Attractions?</span></b></div><div>Unfortunately, most were smashed into oblivion shortly after Riverview Park in Chicago closed its doors for the final time. Although the park’s owners held an auction just after closing, none of the 50 bidders wanted such attractions as the Pair-O-Chute Jump, the Space Ride, the Flash High Ride or even the world-famous Bobs roller coaster.</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimuv1WXR6SPVPZSHZr2H3zUpeOpvBYXopjRqcA0Qpy1WHYpGvoqyJZMALYgCq7ILHfPQw_MLr6cxYPwjd-xLEonObGBxIthRXSr62VU27U5VZT1gigCIAworrzghcQ8RGjgX14FV-pDkxQ7r4utQE01ljeD5bGFIE9cFhQYUyWnA_pgmGyeXGBWNhk/s2389/Riverview%20Auction%20Nov%201967.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2389" data-original-width="2180" height="733" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimuv1WXR6SPVPZSHZr2H3zUpeOpvBYXopjRqcA0Qpy1WHYpGvoqyJZMALYgCq7ILHfPQw_MLr6cxYPwjd-xLEonObGBxIthRXSr62VU27U5VZT1gigCIAworrzghcQ8RGjgX14FV-pDkxQ7r4utQE01ljeD5bGFIE9cFhQYUyWnA_pgmGyeXGBWNhk/w669-h733/Riverview%20Auction%20Nov%201967.png" width="669" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>1967 Riverview Park Ride Auction Advertisement.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div>In its day, the Bobs was billed as the world’s fastest roller coaster, attaining a top speed of more than 60 miles per hour. According to a 1953 article in the Chicago American, the Bobs was the most thrilling ride in America.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Chicago Sun-Times recalled the Bobs in a feature article not long ago: “It was a mind-numbing, body-bruising, 120-second dash through twisted metal and rickety white wood; when it was over, you’d be battered and breathless.”</div><div><br /></div><div>Nonetheless, it was unwanted at the auction, and shortly thereafter, it was demolished and sold for scrap, along with Riverview’s five other roller coasters — the Fireball, the Wild Mouse, the Silver Streak, the Comet and the Greyhound. Chute the Chutes was also demolished, as was the giant genie’s head that grimaced above the entrance to Aladdin’s Castle.</div><div><br /></div><div>Many of the smaller rides, like the Ferris wheel and miniature train, were sold to carnivals in different parts of the country. A Chicagoan bought four children’s rides — <i>The Whip, Kiddy Merry-Go-Round, Kiddy Bug and Kiddy Boat</i> — for $2,800.</div><div><br /></div><div>The only Riverview Park ride that survives to this day is the Carousel. It was restored by Six Flags over Georgia, just west of Atlanta, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</div></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://www.zazzle.com/store/illinoishistory/products?qs=riverview" target="_blank">VISIT OUR RIVERVIEW SOUVENIR SHOP</a></b></span></div></span>
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<span face="" style="font-size: large;"><b>Amusement Park Name History:</b></span><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><span style="background-color: white;">● Schützen (also: Schüetzen) Park aka </span>Sharpshooters' Park, Chicago, IL. (1879-1903) </span></span>[Schützenverein (German: Shooting Club)]<br /><span style="background-color: white;">● </span>Riverview Sharpshooters' Park, Chicago, IL. (1904-1908)<br /><span style="background-color: white;">● </span>Riverview Exposition Park, Chicago, IL. (1909-1912)<br /><span style="background-color: white;">● </span>Riverview Park, Chicago, IL. (1913-1967)
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<span face="" style="font-size: large;"><b>Riverview Roller Coaster History:</b></span><br />
<span face=""><i>NOTE: Riverview was known to rename a roller coaster after an accident occurred. </i></span><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">"<span style="font-size: large;">></span>" </span><span>= "Renamed to"</span></b><br />
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<span face="">Aerial Coaster (1908-1910)</span><br />
<span face="">Big Dipper (1920) <b><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">></span></b> Zepher (1936) </span><b><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">></span></b><span face=""> Comet (1940-1967)</span><br />
<span face="">Blue Streak [The Original] (1911-1923)</span><br />
<span face="">Bobs (1924-1967)</span><br />
<span face="">Cannon Ball (1919-1925)</span><br />
<span face="">Derby Racer (1909-1932)</span><br />
<span face="">Fireball (1959-1967)</span><br />
<span face="">Flying Turns (1935-1967) [purchased after the 1933-34 World's Fair closed]</span><br />
<span face="">Gee Wiz (1912) <b><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">></span></b> Greyhound (1913-1965) <b><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">></span></b> Jetstream (1965-1967)</span><br />
<span face="">Jack Rabbit (1915-1919)</span><br />
<span face="">Kiddie Bobs (1926-1934)</span><br />
<span face="">Pikes Peak Scenic Railway (1907-1911)</span><br />
<span face="">Pippin (1921) <b><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">></span></b> Silver Streak (1938) <b><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">></span></b> Silver Flash (19??) {Shortened to} Flash (1961-1967)</span><br />
<span face="">Royal Gorge Scenic Railway (1908-1920)</span><br />
<span face="">Skyrocket (1923) <b><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">></span></b> Blue Streak (1936-1958)</span><br />
<span face="">Tickler (1906-????)</span><br />
<span face="">Top (1907-1916)</span><br />
<span face="">Velvet Coaster (1909-1919)</span><br />
<span face="">White Flyer (1904-1920s)</span><br />
<span face="">Wild Mouse (1958-1967)</span><br /><br /><br />
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<span face=""><b><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">VIDEOS</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: arial;"><b>Flying Cars 1954</b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><br /></span>
<span face="">The Flying Cars was a German-made ride built for Chicago's great Riverview Park in 1954. Riders were strapped into a small car inside a large rotating barrel. The barrel had a track inside for the cars to ride freewheeling. The cars were held onto the drum by a rail and floating clamp system. As the drum spins, the 1 person's car follows the track and eventually begins to go upside down. </span><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8S9I65LfI6g/XpRxxefrkfI/AAAAAAAAgtQ/Ui0zMDAu5hw_BIVHONZhZL197lhW3d7CACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_011.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="400" height="764" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8S9I65LfI6g/XpRxxefrkfI/AAAAAAAAgtQ/Ui0zMDAu5hw_BIVHONZhZL197lhW3d7CACLcBGAsYHQ/w602-h764/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_011.jpg" width="602" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xG0HU6VjGr8/XpR2b7QzasI/AAAAAAAAgtY/i2FbiMxEI0UYsRstcgzYzkmFOJDSE6lugCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_Color_Pix_002.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="419" data-original-width="400" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xG0HU6VjGr8/XpR2b7QzasI/AAAAAAAAgtY/i2FbiMxEI0UYsRstcgzYzkmFOJDSE6lugCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Riverview_Chicago_Color_Pix_002.jpg" width="610" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span face="">The drum steadily increases its speed, and the cars let it roll beneath their wheels as they follow the track. The cars' brakes are then applied to cause them to quickly accelerate up to the speed of the drum's surface, which is around 30 mph causing the cars to go 360°. The operator of Flying Cars would spin the drum for two minutes and then release the brakes causing the cars to come to a complete stop while the drum also slows to a halt. It sounds like fun! Unfortunately, someone failed to fasten their safety belt properly and was killed after falling out. That was the end of the Flying Cars.</span><span face=""><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><b>Riverview Remembered by WGN</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><b>The Bobs Roller Coaster at Riverview </b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face="">Riverview Amusement Park (circa 1952)</span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span face="" style="font-size: medium;"><b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;">RIVERVIEW PHOTO ALBUM.</span></b></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VDg79e0NsI0/WH2YBVtFCCI/AAAAAAAANhs/NF1lmtgAXjowNFJlDUvbEo-8EMYgugsHQCEw/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_001.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VDg79e0NsI0/WH2YBVtFCCI/AAAAAAAANhs/NF1lmtgAXjowNFJlDUvbEo-8EMYgugsHQCEw/s640/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_001.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5zR_ChaSAnY/WH2YB2irNEI/AAAAAAAANhs/eilhh0lj5kkP3PT7vRumEiYIn4ItqHy8gCEw/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_003.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" height="544" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5zR_ChaSAnY/WH2YB2irNEI/AAAAAAAANhs/eilhh0lj5kkP3PT7vRumEiYIn4ItqHy8gCEw/s640/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_003.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xCpBG6-ioeo/Wi6b9oDB_tI/AAAAAAAAUJQ/-xRe4YhFurc8VLzJcjMBik2xcpHvXQfxACEwYBhgL/s1600/postcard-chicago-riverview-amusement-park-people-strolling-merry-go-round-and-parachute-ride-1909.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="637" data-original-width="1000" height="406" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xCpBG6-ioeo/Wi6b9oDB_tI/AAAAAAAAUJQ/-xRe4YhFurc8VLzJcjMBik2xcpHvXQfxACEwYBhgL/s640/postcard-chicago-riverview-amusement-park-people-strolling-merry-go-round-and-parachute-ride-1909.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><b>On the left: The tower ride was called "Expo-Whirl," which was installed in 1909 as a large swing ride.</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-feW2lpA0Bg8/XtfcGf0qwnI/AAAAAAAAhaE/B6nm-0OO3jEH1H8nTYETKtqn4uoFi_3qACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_090.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><b>The "Expo-Whirl" Cars of the large tower swing ride.</b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-C31IQs3bjIQ/WH2YCi8nlUI/AAAAAAAANhs/2PH5ZtaBJJYMxA13M9PlWmba0ZkXMtddQCEw/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_005.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="466" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-C31IQs3bjIQ/WH2YCi8nlUI/AAAAAAAANhs/2PH5ZtaBJJYMxA13M9PlWmba0ZkXMtddQCEw/s640/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_005.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="945" height="424" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UdXYOODs07o/XRIS5-eZxyI/AAAAAAAAdUo/IuS3f9E6Yx0Nud8Hbe3oOdZqMR29cAY2gCLcBGAs/w666-h424/Deirdre_Capone_at_Riverview_in_1956_See_the_twin_Ferris_wheels_Dodgem_station_Flash_roller_coaster_tracks.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="666" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><b>Deirdre Capone personally sent me this photograph of herself at Riverview in 1956. She is Al Capone's Grand Neice. The twin Ferris wheels, the Dodgem station, and the Flash roller coaster tracks are in the background. </b><b>Deirdre personally</b><b> told me how much she loved going to Riverview.</b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMlDeZFZNuJBJrBSvqQbHp9FfbathAVSLP0huCUA6qYDshzQ8JLur1qFbKxStEev151E1_ZBo0GV2KXNK7DT_c-owS7P2ONgBJciRr2iH9E-2vooXWfonY-fO4IiPECTKbu1aAgb72gW5kQblV0_EwTQnaHS6aBhgF6hakZZCuKY7MwHnu_cgtSgP-/s1868/Riverview.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1568" data-original-width="1868" height="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMlDeZFZNuJBJrBSvqQbHp9FfbathAVSLP0huCUA6qYDshzQ8JLur1qFbKxStEev151E1_ZBo0GV2KXNK7DT_c-owS7P2ONgBJciRr2iH9E-2vooXWfonY-fO4IiPECTKbu1aAgb72gW5kQblV0_EwTQnaHS6aBhgF6hakZZCuKY7MwHnu_cgtSgP-/w666-h560/Riverview.jpg" width="666" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red;">ARTICLE:</span> <a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2022/05/african-dip-dunk-tank-game-riverview-chicago.html" target="_blank">Removal of the "African Dip" Dunk Tank Game from Riverview Park in Chicago, Illinois.</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JyuBLSbw-0Y/WH2YDy4Iz5I/AAAAAAAANhs/3nwY0ythx14PEKPe3HIbp-THTpAt_2H9QCEw/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_009.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JyuBLSbw-0Y/WH2YDy4Iz5I/AAAAAAAANhs/3nwY0ythx14PEKPe3HIbp-THTpAt_2H9QCEw/s640/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_009.jpg" width="640" /></a><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BAo-X6zVBTE/WH2YDReNEvI/AAAAAAAANhs/gnDDew-mclICctIpHovHJiJwlagO62QKQCEw/s640/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_008.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2020/03/henry-c-grebe-boatyard-chicago.html" target="_blank">In the Foreground is the Grebe & Co. Inc. Shipyard.</a></span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BAo-X6zVBTE/WH2YDReNEvI/AAAAAAAANhs/gnDDew-mclICctIpHovHJiJwlagO62QKQCEw/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_008.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="462" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ykd_6ra1rU0/WH2YDwABU4I/AAAAAAAANhs/sS4ULlA3emsDseamcSuNkA9pzjX2suF_ACEw/s640/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_007.jpg" width="640" /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9rwpwdkRZC0/X0gN9WTodhI/AAAAAAAAias/1ZnCVzjDpzw6u8dUUh3eIlyxnJOfm3hVgCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Riverview_Clowns.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9rwpwdkRZC0/X0gN9WTodhI/AAAAAAAAias/1ZnCVzjDpzw6u8dUUh3eIlyxnJOfm3hVgCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/Riverview_Clowns.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: arial;">Riverview Park Clowns - Circa 1925</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-B6ErFAd2iJ0/WH2YDhnMpZI/AAAAAAAANhs/HGk7p_w-2XYxxAOsUc_KxmDTQt4V-MdVwCEw/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_006.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-B6ErFAd2iJ0/WH2YDhnMpZI/AAAAAAAANhs/HGk7p_w-2XYxxAOsUc_KxmDTQt4V-MdVwCEw/s640/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_006.jpg" width="440" /></span></a></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="502" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QxtkkbsnajY/WH2YHUs2yKI/AAAAAAAANcM/IlOBP0YKWmgIluyOKsG0cy5IzZ67poycACEw/s640/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_057.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2020/03/henry-c-grebe-boatyard-chicago.html" target="_blank">In the Foreground is the Grebe & Co. Inc. Shipyard.</a></span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QxtkkbsnajY/WH2YHUs2yKI/AAAAAAAANcM/IlOBP0YKWmgIluyOKsG0cy5IzZ67poycACEw/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_057.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bmaFtUVb2Gc/WH2YH5W6OmI/AAAAAAAANcc/Mnk669-6wCUbtPk0R-Ef47M-98qS5HCogCEw/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_061.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" height="508" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bmaFtUVb2Gc/WH2YH5W6OmI/AAAAAAAANcc/Mnk669-6wCUbtPk0R-Ef47M-98qS5HCogCEw/s640/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_061.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2020/03/henry-c-grebe-boatyard-chicago.html" target="_blank">On the left is the Henry C. Grebe & Co. Inc. Shipyard on the Chicago River at Belmont Avenue. They built U.S. Navy Ships and pleasure cruisers.</a></b></span></td></tr>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9tMx-9Rg9CE/WH2YPtx0OpI/AAAAAAAANgs/IjA28eIzIbg0_JchPViP_PAlp6sFC64lwCEw/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_129.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9tMx-9Rg9CE/WH2YPtx0OpI/AAAAAAAANgs/IjA28eIzIbg0_JchPViP_PAlp6sFC64lwCEw/s640/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_129.jpg" width="360" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://www.zazzle.com/store/illinoishistory/products?qs=riverview" target="_blank">VISIT OUR RIVERVIEW SOUVENIR SHOP</a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="358" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jnGYu-LQ-qw/WH2YPqRnQOI/AAAAAAAANgo/EvfSXbyu25cGCwcLSo_SfdsfKV_mLLh1ACEw/s640/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_128.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2020/03/henry-c-grebe-boatyard-chicago.html" target="_blank">In the Foreground is the Grebe & Co. Inc. Shipyard.</a></span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jnGYu-LQ-qw/WH2YPqRnQOI/AAAAAAAANgo/EvfSXbyu25cGCwcLSo_SfdsfKV_mLLh1ACEw/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_128.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><b>Riverview and Bally MFG Co. at 2640 W Belmont Ave, Chicago in the foreground.</b></span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-54CgtUD1NFQ/WH2YP2aJk_I/AAAAAAAANg4/yAau4d8xo7wyOm_WSK3iNdiPfRnzlz9EACEw/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_133.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-54CgtUD1NFQ/WH2YP2aJk_I/AAAAAAAANg4/yAau4d8xo7wyOm_WSK3iNdiPfRnzlz9EACEw/s640/Riverview_Chicago_b-w_133.jpg" width="360" /></span></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MtOJ5ce_9rg/WiXHe6JBLRI/AAAAAAAAUCM/Ps64IdqR7V4rCCL2yVeSEgp-QMprSa9lQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Riverview%2B004.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="640" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MtOJ5ce_9rg/WiXHe6JBLRI/AAAAAAAAUCM/Ps64IdqR7V4rCCL2yVeSEgp-QMprSa9lQCEwYBhgL/s640/Riverview%2B004.jpg" width="426" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face="" style="color: red; font-size: small;">Photo by Walter Riege</span>r</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iHrzhls6P8c/WH2X6yYSQSI/AAAAAAAANhs/cdKn4v2hD44kIzKg3kqxiVH8cd5aBS5ggCEw/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_Color_Pix_038.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iHrzhls6P8c/WH2X6yYSQSI/AAAAAAAANhs/cdKn4v2hD44kIzKg3kqxiVH8cd5aBS5ggCEw/s640/Riverview_Chicago_Color_Pix_038.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><b>Photo by Walter Rieger</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><b>Photo by Walter Rieger</b></span></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WBcsbQfFWqc/YHOKeOQVuHI/AAAAAAAAlFQ/FM_8KPv13DwW-w8DvCiVKmLBa9JxFjEwwCLcBGAsYHQ/s554/Riverview%2BPark%2BMagazine%2BCover.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="373" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WBcsbQfFWqc/YHOKeOQVuHI/AAAAAAAAlFQ/FM_8KPv13DwW-w8DvCiVKmLBa9JxFjEwwCLcBGAsYHQ/w430-h640/Riverview%2BPark%2BMagazine%2BCover.jpg" width="430" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: red; font-family: arial;">Advertisement for Riverview Amusement Park, c.1930s</b></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YjLPlpU8onI/WH2X_vtsOmI/AAAAAAAANhs/YtKNucczC6wj52venOFJHRbVQaXWJCNZQCEw/s1600/Riverview_Chicago_Signs-Ads_006.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YjLPlpU8onI/WH2X_vtsOmI/AAAAAAAANhs/YtKNucczC6wj52venOFJHRbVQaXWJCNZQCEw/s640/Riverview_Chicago_Signs-Ads_006.jpg" width="606" /></span></a></div>
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</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798213.567879763821153 -122.7860482 70.188347436178844 -52.473548199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-62881112729672953212023-12-16T21:13:00.003-06:002023-12-16T21:37:43.214-06:00A Summary of French Influence in Illinois.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">While Cahokia was undoubtedly a significant center of French colonial life in early Illinois, several other villages and settlements thrived beyond its shadow, each with unique stories and contributions to the state's rich history.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">French explorers ventured into the Illinois county of Virginia as early as the 17th century, lured by tales of fertile lands and abundant resources. By the late 1600s, permanent settlements began to take root, driven by the fur trade, missionary zeal, and the quest for agricultural and mineral wealth.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><div><b><span style="color: #00b400; font-family: Merriweather Sans; font-size: x-large;">sidebar</span></b></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">The current state of Illinois became Païs des Illinois, a county of Virginia [New France] in 1673. Virginia ceded the territory, thus becoming the Illinois Country in 1778.</span></div></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Early French Settlements</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The town of <b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-kaskaskia-indian-reservation-in.html" target="_blank">Kaskaskia</a></b>, Illinois, was founded in 1703. Jesuits established The village as a missionary post and developed it into a French trading post and farming community. Kaskaskia became the capital of French Illinois and a bustling hub for fur trade and agriculture. Jesuit missionaries established a strong presence, and the town boasted a vibrant cultural scene with music, theater, and celebrations.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The village of <b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2016/12/prairie-du-rocher-illinois.html" target="_blank">Prairie du Rocher</a></b> was founded in 1722; nestled along the Mississippi River, it became known for its skilled farmers and artisans. Residents cultivated wheat, corn, and tobacco and crafted furniture, tools, and other goods. The community also hosted a vital salt trade.</span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrT2NdGpeTlecXLRsM8vgdzZ180z3JiI3F3Lkawx0w8VgOJKiRF4RLZ_BLUq3KeUvJF_bC3p5zCdpF5RGrKRh0xCYG5oFKiBzuX0HlJVj_vKA0eV8Ag9EclYMv7gLwSUu2v7_KU-TGwaOjoqwTSxqznLThGqMNTPRcwauMxHXhdTbJcItFnbG9d6YNZTY/s1360/Prairie%20du%20Rocher%20Cemetery.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="908" data-original-width="1360" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrT2NdGpeTlecXLRsM8vgdzZ180z3JiI3F3Lkawx0w8VgOJKiRF4RLZ_BLUq3KeUvJF_bC3p5zCdpF5RGrKRh0xCYG5oFKiBzuX0HlJVj_vKA0eV8Ag9EclYMv7gLwSUu2v7_KU-TGwaOjoqwTSxqznLThGqMNTPRcwauMxHXhdTbJcItFnbG9d6YNZTY/w670-h448/Prairie%20du%20Rocher%20Cemetery.JPG" width="670" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Prairie du Rocher Cemetery. Note the Iron Crosses Grave Markers.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2017/10/fort-de-chartres-prairie-du-rocher.html" target="_blank">Fort de Chartres</a></b><span style="font-family: arial;"> was constructed in 1718 between Kaskaskia and Cahokia. This fort served as the French military and administrative center in the region. It played a crucial role in defending against British incursions and overseeing trade routes. The nearby village of St. Anne, established in 1720, grew alongside the fort, with French residents supporting the military engaged in farming and fur trading.</span></div></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAmcHQlhUw9cKy3jKmXPE4oNqNKYL5zOMdoxgH2No9Qp8CSw1eKcjtEM0NDyBw6NivekHAgls9doycE7yWXy-SFhm3CzSK3-upWqQ5_fuo8Cfr-aaw-nesA4mdQ292eLZIaSh_qeUHMJvgsTUJgvDx4vLGqYcSNxO5omMg3muEihIWDts6XX6V5GpvExQ/s4608/DSCF0648.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="4608" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAmcHQlhUw9cKy3jKmXPE4oNqNKYL5zOMdoxgH2No9Qp8CSw1eKcjtEM0NDyBw6NivekHAgls9doycE7yWXy-SFhm3CzSK3-upWqQ5_fuo8Cfr-aaw-nesA4mdQ292eLZIaSh_qeUHMJvgsTUJgvDx4vLGqYcSNxO5omMg3muEihIWDts6XX6V5GpvExQ/w669-h502/DSCF0648.JPG" width="669" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Fort de Chartres Gatehouse. Climbing the 18-foot-high gatehouse provided a panoramic view of the surrounding area.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><b style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Village Life and Culture</b></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">French colonial architecture had a different building process. Homes were typically built with poteaux-sur-sol (post-on-sill) construction, featuring square-hewn logs and covered porches. This style contrasted with the standard unhewn log cabins among American settlers.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><b><span style="font-family: arial;">Examples of P</span><span style="font-family: arial;">oteaux-Sur-Sol Construction</span><span style="font-family: arial;">:</span></b></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2016/11/cahokia-courthouse-107-elm-street.html" target="_blank">Cahokia Courthouse, 107 Elm Street, Cahokia, Illinois.</a></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2016/11/the-martin-boismenue-house-east.html" target="_blank">The Martin-Boismenue House, East Carondelet, Illinois.</a></b></span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">French villagers relied heavily on farming, raising crops like wheat, corn, and vegetables. They also kept livestock, hunted, and fished, ensuring a degree of self-sufficiency. They engaged in lively trade, exchanging goods with Native American tribes and other European settlements. The fur trade was significant, with furs shipped to New Orleans down the Mississippi.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>Strong Community Bonds</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The Catholic faith played a central role in village life, with churches serving as social and cultural centers. Residents celebrated holidays and festivals together, fostering a strong sense of community.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Challenges and Transformations</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The outcome of the French and Indian War (1754-1763) led to the cession of French territory east of the Mississippi to Britain, significantly impacting French village life in Illinois. Many residents relocated to Spanish Missouri, while others adapted to British rule.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The American victory in the Revolutionary War in 1783 brought about another transition, with Illinois becoming part of the United States. French villagers gradually integrated into American society, preserving their cultural traditions while adapting to new political and social realities.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><b style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The French Legacy</b></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The legacy of French village life in Illinois continues to be celebrated and preserved through Historic sites. Many French villages, like Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, are designated historic landmarks, showcasing their original architecture and way of life. Festivals and celebrations like the Prairie French Festival in Prairie du Rocher keep French traditions alive through music, dance, and food.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0Illinois, USA40.6331249 -89.398528312.322891063821153 -124.5547783 68.943358736178851 -54.242278299999995tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-32258172490821521282023-12-15T15:26:00.002-06:002023-12-15T15:31:32.555-06:00The City of Chicago's First Foot Steps.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">James Thompson surveyed Chicago, filing the plat on August 4, 1830, the official recognition of Chicago's location. Chicago was incorporated as a town on August 12, 1833, with a population of about 350.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The City is bounded on the South and West by a prairie, varying from ten to twelve miles in width, some portion of which is high and of a very superior quality. It is surrounded in every direction by a country the most productive in the world, already brought into a state of successful cultivation, and sending to its market annually a vast amount of produce of every description for sale, exchange for goods, or shipment, as the case may be. The climate is healthy and salubrious, as much so as any in the West. With a population of 4,170, the town of Chicago filed new Incorporation documents on March 4, 1837, becoming the City of Chicago.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuY2oMCH08lC1CsqAaKmxvTQAyljj6mz9pBJweki-bvhmFBcjJ1nCsn3hsuECjkoguuL6RNx8L7WZNjcsCrDkKDHgI7WcAK4Meb3vkqp-NGj6Z629E-x3vnr3HIEUD6BCAXIVn5I0Brwxwwu7i7zTfjUcf-nQWslN8egCWg3zTJb3W22B8_5bq6i64MXY/s1070/1837%20Chicagos%206-wards.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1070" data-original-width="800" height="891" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuY2oMCH08lC1CsqAaKmxvTQAyljj6mz9pBJweki-bvhmFBcjJ1nCsn3hsuECjkoguuL6RNx8L7WZNjcsCrDkKDHgI7WcAK4Meb3vkqp-NGj6Z629E-x3vnr3HIEUD6BCAXIVn5I0Brwxwwu7i7zTfjUcf-nQWslN8egCWg3zTJb3W22B8_5bq6i64MXY/w665-h891/1837%20Chicagos%206-wards.png" width="665" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The City is divided into six Wards. The first and second Wards, divided by Clark Street, are bounded by Chicago River's South Branch and the Lake, the first Ward lying East and the second West of Clark Street. </span></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The third and fourth Wards, divided by Randolph Street, are situated on the West side of the North and South Branches, the third South, and the fourth North of Randolph Street. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The fifth and sixth Wards, divided by Clark Street, are bounded by the North Branch, Chicago River, and the Lake, the fifth being West, and the sixth East of Clark Street.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The <b><a href="https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2018/06/history-of-the-first-and-second-fort-dearborn-in-Chicago.html" target="_blank">Fort Dearborn Reservation</a></b> was incorporated within the city limits in 1839,</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798213.567879763821153 -122.7860482 70.188347436178844 -52.473548199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-64816680787343814682023-11-28T23:03:00.004-06:002023-11-30T17:32:21.652-06:00The Chicago Home Insurance Building: The Pioneer of Skyscraper Architecture in 1885.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">Standing tall and proud amidst the bustling streets of Chicago, the Home Insurance Building etched its name in the annals of architectural history as the world's first true skyscraper.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Designed by the visionary architect William Le Baron Jenney, this impressive 138-foot-tall, 10-story structure revolutionized how buildings were conceived and constructed, paving the way for modern skyscrapers that dominate cities worldwide. Construction of the Home Insurance Building began in 1884 at the Northeast corner of LaSalle and Adams Streets and was completed in 1885.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #00b400; font-family: Merriweather Sans; font-size: x-large;"><b>sidebar</b></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">Two additional stories were added to the Chicago Home Insurance Building in 1890. This increased the building to 12 stories and its height to 180 feet.</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>CONCEPTION, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In the late 19th century, Chicago was booming, its population swelling and its businesses expanding. The demand for office space was surging, and traditional masonry construction methods were proving inadequate to meet the growing needs. </span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmHrMon1o0ys9NBTYHSzJ896Fm3ljCqHgm212f2bIAuadGjz7EwYA_wTNmUI4CWxtzQ4l5BeReb-JSk49WUb9yscqP-jQfQSQx_Zw5e0lsXSrkN8JXUhiho2kizfLqnawe5VGCQmrT9zBRFWIiypzz3t0JMpRwJ-6KfIKlhPnSMgECjga_eDuqobkyE38/s1362/Home%20Insurance%20Building.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1128" data-original-width="1362" height="553" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmHrMon1o0ys9NBTYHSzJ896Fm3ljCqHgm212f2bIAuadGjz7EwYA_wTNmUI4CWxtzQ4l5BeReb-JSk49WUb9yscqP-jQfQSQx_Zw5e0lsXSrkN8JXUhiho2kizfLqnawe5VGCQmrT9zBRFWIiypzz3t0JMpRwJ-6KfIKlhPnSMgECjga_eDuqobkyE38/w667-h553/Home%20Insurance%20Building.jpg" width="667" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>During Construction</b></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The Home Insurance Building's origins can be traced back to the late 1870s when the Home Insurance Company of New York sought to establish a branch office in Chicago. The company's management envisioned a grand and imposing structure reflecting its prominence in the insurance industry. In 1884, they approached Jenney, a respected architect known for his innovative designs and use of fireproof construction. Jenney faced the challenge of creating a tall, fire-resistant building that could withstand Chicago's harsh weather conditions.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>PIONEERING CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES</b></span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha05YbtUOSC3PwFNTWk5j4sHTHq0MViP6xPDQbhqUwfkk9OO5k193cTgU4NDsG7lPfbMcLtgxBUTcLVOyJ41cIl_BqUk7tHwihS6A33MKC7hzaDQP1vg8TDC4PHokvrTs2qaYs2zjpU4mnG6IP57LICEAJXq9byOpqmXKDJu3wlaYvxq7TM2LSsVvAgsI/s1219/home-insurance-ryerson-burnham-1.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1219" data-original-width="960" height="848" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha05YbtUOSC3PwFNTWk5j4sHTHq0MViP6xPDQbhqUwfkk9OO5k193cTgU4NDsG7lPfbMcLtgxBUTcLVOyJ41cIl_BqUk7tHwihS6A33MKC7hzaDQP1vg8TDC4PHokvrTs2qaYs2zjpU4mnG6IP57LICEAJXq9byOpqmXKDJu3wlaYvxq7TM2LSsVvAgsI/w667-h848/home-insurance-ryerson-burnham-1.jpg" width="667" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Interior Views</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiypuuH33tbHrojsTj0jIn6VDEXTT9PxAHqCUXRoV_9VHMBndvcJJUAY9tN0jL7QwXhV9BuiKR1tzPvSHvod0R5H3nN5L-lflFPpxwmYbpFRCXGcIOM2MCeliWS3gstG-nsXhOvpJnORVDRvO8CPCtRY-O8RtkwBW0f0c80Qmoqk4oT2d0tVo1bliwGlvY/s1006/home-insurance-ryerson-burnham.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="778" data-original-width="1006" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiypuuH33tbHrojsTj0jIn6VDEXTT9PxAHqCUXRoV_9VHMBndvcJJUAY9tN0jL7QwXhV9BuiKR1tzPvSHvod0R5H3nN5L-lflFPpxwmYbpFRCXGcIOM2MCeliWS3gstG-nsXhOvpJnORVDRvO8CPCtRY-O8RtkwBW0f0c80Qmoqk4oT2d0tVo1bliwGlvY/w667-h514/home-insurance-ryerson-burnham.jpg" width="667" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Note the full-size windows.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Jenney's solution was a 10-story, 138-foot-tall building with a frame made of wrought and cast iron, along with Bessemer rolled steel beams (steel), a revolutionary concept at the time. Before this, buildings were primarily constructed using masonry walls, limiting their height and fire resistance. The steel frame provided the strength and support needed to build taller buildings, allowing for thinner walls and larger windows </span><span style="font-family: arial;">hung on the steel frame</span><span style="font-family: arial;">. It could withstand the weight of its walls and floors. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">The building also featured fireproofing measures, including fireproof terra cotta cladding and hollow tiles filled with concrete.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">This revolutionary design enabled the building to reach an unprecedented height of 138 feet and set a precedent for future skyscrapers.</span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></blockquote><div><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><b>IMPACT AND LEGACY</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The Home Insurance Building was a testament to Jenney's architectural ingenuity and marked a turning point in skyscraper design. Its innovative use of a steel skeleton frame and other features established the foundation for modern skyscrapers, paving the way for taller, safer, and more efficient buildings.</span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIaeCaTT0inXJF616mOCSkV9-1k1bOimjUMkJHC75C6zm4vQl0gb0bOs2rIkZzro9rFcDSxFRqcUvEyvGu4e6_KNXuZ1z5-R8I55Apwjh83z1QPUeT7EQePbrLILpsPnFF0Fbvf-FtyhDVifMihBaUNkOrIumuhjgjuKWRG6eXXAgDeObEp86LsVMJq14/s973/I_Will_186C_Home_Insurance_Building_Chicago_F.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="973" data-original-width="634" height="1020" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIaeCaTT0inXJF616mOCSkV9-1k1bOimjUMkJHC75C6zm4vQl0gb0bOs2rIkZzro9rFcDSxFRqcUvEyvGu4e6_KNXuZ1z5-R8I55Apwjh83z1QPUeT7EQePbrLILpsPnFF0Fbvf-FtyhDVifMihBaUNkOrIumuhjgjuKWRG6eXXAgDeObEp86LsVMJq14/w665-h1020/I_Will_186C_Home_Insurance_Building_Chicago_F.png" width="665" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: red;">The "I WILL" Postcard Series № 186C: Home Insurance Building, Chicago. From the private collection of Dr. Neil Gale. </span><a href="http://www.chicagopostcardmuseum.org" target="_blank">Chicago Postcard Museum</a><span style="color: red;">.</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The building's impact was immediate and far-reaching. It inspired a wave of skyscraper construction in Chicago and other cities, transforming urban landscapes and ushering in a new era of vertical architecture.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The building's impact extended beyond its structural innovations, influencing the aesthetic of skyscrapers. Its exterior, clad in terracotta panels, reflected a transition away from the heavy ornamentation of Victorian architecture towards a more streamlined and modern aesthetic.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">While the Home Insurance Building was demolished in 1931 to make way for the Field Building, another skyscraper, its impact on architecture and urban development remains profound. It stands as a symbol of innovation and ingenuity, forever etched in the history of skyscrapers and the evolution of modern cities.</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhovhF3lSf-AKyjwvhjJAbRlnO35YEg-AxLHPYqPVlBnEf5_7x-0M52Ck5u__DMs2TpbDjTIr9Bm7PncA1rIbFezCy-sfp4h7BPvnQvTRPz-BF9zoAqosbLDdaXBhI00_kxOJzX1DQWBv4_-qZwfhX4s_EFtUn5LGN5LxYJZLkXFltSP5pZIyy33DvIhsc/s802/William%20LeBaron%20Jenney.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="802" data-original-width="564" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhovhF3lSf-AKyjwvhjJAbRlnO35YEg-AxLHPYqPVlBnEf5_7x-0M52Ck5u__DMs2TpbDjTIr9Bm7PncA1rIbFezCy-sfp4h7BPvnQvTRPz-BF9zoAqosbLDdaXBhI00_kxOJzX1DQWBv4_-qZwfhX4s_EFtUn5LGN5LxYJZLkXFltSP5pZIyy33DvIhsc/s16000/William%20LeBaron%20Jenney.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Architect and Engineer </span><span style="text-align: left;">William LeBaron Jenney was born on September 25, 1832. </span><span style="text-align: left;">He died in Los Angeles, California, on June 14, 1907, at the age of 74.</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798213.567879763821153 -122.7860482 70.188347436178844 -52.473548199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-88156232173473822432023-11-17T20:08:00.001-06:002023-11-17T20:31:43.418-06:00The History of Chicago's Treasure Island Grocery Store Chain.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">Treasure Island Foods was founded in 1963 by Christ Kamberos and his brothers. Christ Kamberos was born in Chicago to Greek immigrants. His father sold produce from a push cart, and this early exposure to the food business sparked an interest in Christ that never waned. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">He grew up to become a grocery innovator, traveling the world to bring unusual and organic produce to Chicagoans. His stores were known for their wide selection of specialty products, and Julia Child once referred to Treasure Island as "America's most European supermarket."</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJc4MhaR8A8gX1a9x294s3PsBT6lYUuU1pdPWMUEK38EnXFxNgdJFAHNBgeAAu_6Bq9ecyBBtODOP1e_-UMUEvMMTkcMmWaz0ImvBfO_zB5ylkG4RSPI0sUumid_8HoFIDjCskiJAgF-WzODhYU-7ZtjaX5uk_AZjLplOeD0uye3lEbNdAKl0OPyhHGBk/s1024/Treasure%20Island,%20Wells%20St.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="1024" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJc4MhaR8A8gX1a9x294s3PsBT6lYUuU1pdPWMUEK38EnXFxNgdJFAHNBgeAAu_6Bq9ecyBBtODOP1e_-UMUEvMMTkcMmWaz0ImvBfO_zB5ylkG4RSPI0sUumid_8HoFIDjCskiJAgF-WzODhYU-7ZtjaX5uk_AZjLplOeD0uye3lEbNdAKl0OPyhHGBk/w669-h395/Treasure%20Island,%20Wells%20St.png" width="669" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>Treasure Island's first store at 1639 North Wells Street, Chicago</b></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table>Treasure Island's first store was opened at 1639 North Wells Street in the Old Town Triangle, Chicago, in 1964. The chain quickly expanded to include over 20 stores in the Chicago area. The Wells Street store was one of the most popular locations, and it was known for its convenient location in the Old Town Triangle and its wide selection of specialty foods.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The Treasure Island chain filed for bankruptcy in 2018, closing all stores. The Wells Street store was sold to a developer in 2019.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Christ Kamberos died on October 27, 2009. He is buried in Memorial Park Cemetery, Skokie, Illinois.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">A timeline of the Treasure Island Grocery stores:</span></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1963: The Treasure Island brand was founded by Christ Kamberos.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1964: The first store on Wells Street opens.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">1980s-2010s: The Treasure Island chain expands to over 20 stores in the Chicago area.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">2009: Christ Kamberos died.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">2018: The Treasure Island chain files for bankruptcy, closing all its stores.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;">2019: The Wells Street store location was sold to a real estate developer.</span></li></ul></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Christ Kamberos (1926-2009)</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div>Christ Kamberos (1926-2009), chief executive officer and President of Treasure Island Foods, offered selections from around the world. The store met approval in Chicagoland, a market with a diverse ethnic population that appreciated his mixture of exotic foods, fresh produce and flair. </div><div><br /></div><div>Mr. Kamberos won numerous awards from Fancy Food and Specialty Foods magazines for his innovative merchandising and creative food presentation. He was born on the West Side of Chicago in 1926, one of three brothers and three sisters of Greek immigrants. He served in the military during World War II. </div><div><br /></div><div>His business life began after the War. The Kamberos family opened the grocery chain Sure Save and sold the group of 10 stores to the National Food Supermarkets in 1961. In 1963, Mr. Kamberos and his brothers formed Treasure Island Foods.</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com2Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798213.567879763821153 -122.7860482 70.188347436178844 -52.473548199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-72318928024468795282023-11-16T20:53:00.000-06:002023-11-16T20:53:45.691-06:00Dr. Bertha Van Hoosen, the first woman to head a medical division at a coeducational university, Loyola University Medical School.<div><span style="font-family: arial;">Born on March 26, 1863, Bertha Van Hoosen spent her early years on her parents' farm in Stony Creek Village, Michigan. Free to roam about and observe the life cycle of the animals on the farm, she later recalled that the toughness of farm life gave her a practical, realistic outlook. As a young girl, she attended several public schools close to her home before graduating from high school in Pontiac, Michigan, at age 17. Following the example of her older sister Alice, she enrolled in the literary department at the University of Michigan in 1880. She met two women who had decided to study medicine here, and their enthusiasm inspired her to follow in their footsteps. Despite her parents' refusal to finance her education, she enrolled in Michigan's medical department after receiving her bachelor's degree in 1884. To pay her way, she earned money teaching calisthenics at a high school, serving as an obstetrical nurse and teacher, and demonstrating anatomy. Four years later, she graduated with her doctor of medicine degree.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Van Hoosen accepted a series of residencies, first at the Woman's Hospital in Detroit, then at the Kalamazoo, Michigan, State Hospital for the Insane, and finally at the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston. She felt ready to begin private practice after four years of additional hospital training.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">With money saved from her previous jobs, young Dr. Van Hoosen opened a private clinic in Chicago in late 1892. Like most new practices, hers grew slowly. To keep the practice afloat, she taught courses in anatomy and embryology at the Woman's Medical School of Northwestern University. At the same time, she continued her postgraduate training, accepting a clinical assistantship in gynecology at the Columbia Dispensary in Chicago (later reorganized as the Charity Hospital and Dispensary), where she received further instruction in surgery and obstetrics. As her medical expertise grew, Dr. Van Hoosen's private practice flourished, and she was in great demand as a teacher. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6DYujHkZ_aqPYBvIAnDUfirH1fTVKbPHwnXyY741sewavrBsQvNiE4BMchPa0-rGnAk0cemcwpKSAS4SoQabOkPaB8i3VSQ62kBUpDyTSJvvBUfCqEZpXpaCh-6CTgKTul4Av2dmvYZDp99cZ3L9MrthV7rFGxouAcbf9aNQTaRmTIWK3RfL_WgzHjNY/s2721/Bertha%20Van%20Hoosen.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2721" data-original-width="1778" height="759" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6DYujHkZ_aqPYBvIAnDUfirH1fTVKbPHwnXyY741sewavrBsQvNiE4BMchPa0-rGnAk0cemcwpKSAS4SoQabOkPaB8i3VSQ62kBUpDyTSJvvBUfCqEZpXpaCh-6CTgKTul4Av2dmvYZDp99cZ3L9MrthV7rFGxouAcbf9aNQTaRmTIWK3RfL_WgzHjNY/w496-h759/Bertha%20Van%20Hoosen.png" width="496" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>Dr. Bertha Van Hoosen</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In 1902, though her appointment was opposed by the male faculty, she was made a professor of clinical gynecology at the Illinois University Medical School, a position she held until 1912.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In 1913, Dr. Van Hoosen was appointed head of the gynecological staff at the Cook County Hospital, thus becoming one of the first women in the United States to receive a civil service appointment. In 1918, she was awarded a prestigious post as head of obstetrics at Loyola University Medical School, making her the first woman to head a medical division at a coeducational university. Dr. Van Hoosen continued to maintain her private practice and to serve as an attending physician at several additional Chicago hospitals.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Dr. Van Hoosen devoted herself to treating women and children throughout her career. In addition to helping develop better methods of prenatal care, she lectured widely on sex education as a member of the Chicago Woman's Club Committee on Social Purity. In addition, she pioneered the use of scopolamine-morphine anesthesia during childbirth. Popularly known as "twilight sleep," this form of anesthesia rendered patients unconscious without inhibiting their reflexes. Dr. Van Hoosen delivered thousands of healthy babies and published a book and several articles detailing her research.</span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9YLoPXcrgUlAritl0SVnIzMnRObQfMLpe8YG9aIjDXlIBDWdq0FXKQZtYoKfGq9GRW_tA7EyQRgRnfGqYIVzapAcOGDAAtlGeNAJtYBCnXsyVXq090RKGM_MNMkj9oIMUQrSitehz43L4InlF3dGLhbhpOuRPGjADACMqVH6-KZ-177AX5dVdNeixsP0/s2278/Van-Hoosen-performing-surgery%201905.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1800" data-original-width="2278" height="530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9YLoPXcrgUlAritl0SVnIzMnRObQfMLpe8YG9aIjDXlIBDWdq0FXKQZtYoKfGq9GRW_tA7EyQRgRnfGqYIVzapAcOGDAAtlGeNAJtYBCnXsyVXq090RKGM_MNMkj9oIMUQrSitehz43L4InlF3dGLhbhpOuRPGjADACMqVH6-KZ-177AX5dVdNeixsP0/w671-h530/Van-Hoosen-performing-surgery%201905.jpg" width="671" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">Dr. Bertha Van Hoosen's Surgical Training.</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">An outspoken feminist, Dr. Bertha Van Hoosen grew increasingly vocal over the medical establishment's discriminatory treatment of women. Barred from membership in the Chicago Gynecological and Obstetrical Society and discouraged by her isolation within the American Medical Association, she called for a meeting of medical women in Chicago. Their panel led to the formation of the American Medical Women's Association in 1915, with Van Hoosen as the organization's first President.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In 1947, Bertha Van Hoosen, M.D., published an autobiography detailing her pioneering role in medicine and her abiding interest in women's health issues. After more than sixty years, she had done much to advance the position of women in medicine—training physicians, fostering closer ties among her women peers, and serving as a model for those striving to enter fields previously closed to women. In addition, Dr. Van Hoosen could reflect on a rewarding career teaching and practicing obstetrics.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Throughout her career, Dr. Van Hoosen trained several dozen women surgeons. She maintained close ties to her female colleagues, offering surgical assistance to her female peers throughout the United States and her travels through Europe and Asia. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">After retiring from practice in 1951 at age 88, she died of a stroke on June 7, 1952. She is buried at </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Old Stoney Creek Cemetery in Rochester Hills, Michigan.</span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu2OVIBiB57Z67yzffYKxpaTUznSn0SCfNUVPOOHL6YDhdgkGlBOpP5L1QDTPlJLh7OMyzcw8l0kFv2ZYSFzT4GHEKzHwuVpTsI4T4N_esq8wgHV36cKsDSdgpYUvczCZeG1JhxllvZSFC-miCdhLI_p53h9qZ8Nz5wUSMxCHot5g5XXEEalundEAXqzY/s1299/Bertha%20Van%20Hoosen%20Historical%20Marker.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1299" data-original-width="1265" height="592" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu2OVIBiB57Z67yzffYKxpaTUznSn0SCfNUVPOOHL6YDhdgkGlBOpP5L1QDTPlJLh7OMyzcw8l0kFv2ZYSFzT4GHEKzHwuVpTsI4T4N_esq8wgHV36cKsDSdgpYUvczCZeG1JhxllvZSFC-miCdhLI_p53h9qZ8Nz5wUSMxCHot5g5XXEEalundEAXqzY/w577-h592/Bertha%20Van%20Hoosen%20Historical%20Marker.png" width="577" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Dr. Bertha Van Hoosen's Illinois State Historical Society marker is located in the<br />South Lobby of the Fine Arts Building at 410 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago.</b></span><br /><b><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/410+S+Michigan+Ave,+Chicago,+IL+60605/@41.876264,-87.6272039,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x880e2ca217eaac17:0xdf804acd83f76cc2!8m2!3d41.87626!4d-87.624629!16s%2Fg%2F11gtg5vxww?authuser=0&entry=ttu" target="_blank">GOOGLE MAP</a></span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798213.567879763821153 -122.7860482 70.188347436178844 -52.473548199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2698674352470153088.post-62548392070757624112023-11-04T00:26:00.006-05:002023-11-09T20:07:28.270-06:00Grant Park Stadium was renamed Soldier Field at the urging of Chicago’s Gold Star Mothers on November 11, 1925.<div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxMLMyZz6bqYwpsDDBxbmvX0o4nw9qZWqxycdYVNdF8Lgx5etrN04ZUiClOFg41C0woH8w1ZC7sJIMvb283yjOPloXl94MKxBTOALPM7Lgw2nd8VpOYJuCyTfcuJCeu3RKmUp5ifLbhwmvVYqACYkvljxvxWq3w8kqmoBTckaLhjCVXbgSazlxBNXPkpE/s980/soldier-field-c-1930.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="980" height="405" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxMLMyZz6bqYwpsDDBxbmvX0o4nw9qZWqxycdYVNdF8Lgx5etrN04ZUiClOFg41C0woH8w1ZC7sJIMvb283yjOPloXl94MKxBTOALPM7Lgw2nd8VpOYJuCyTfcuJCeu3RKmUp5ifLbhwmvVYqACYkvljxvxWq3w8kqmoBTckaLhjCVXbgSazlxBNXPkpE/w671-h405/soldier-field-c-1930.jpg" width="671" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Opened on October 9, 1924, Grant Park Stadium was designed by the architecture firm of Holabird & Roche. Neo-classical in style, the design pays homage to the ancient Roman Colosseum, creating a venue that exudes strength, resilience, and a sense of grandeur. The original configuration was shaped like a U, with the structure's opening facing the Field Museum. This allowed for easy access to the field and a direct view of the Field Museum for spectators.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #00b400; font-family: Merriweather Sans; font-size: x-large;"><b>sidebar</b></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">According to the Chicago History Museum, the stadium was never officially known as Municipal Grant Park Stadium. The name was used in some news articles and promotional materials, but it was never officially adopted by the city or the Chicago Park District (founded on July 1, 1934).</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Not originally intended to be a football stadium, the idea was to create a space to host various events, including sports, military drills, concerts, exhibitions, and community gatherings, while also serving as a place of remembrance. The design was inspired by classical architecture, featuring a colonnade facade with Doric columns that encircled the stadium. The seating bowl of the stadium was initially built using a wooden grandstand, which could accommodate around 45,000 spectators.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">On November 11, 1925, the stadium was renamed Soldier Field to </span><span style="font-family: arial;">honor the city's World War I veterans. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">The name change was officially dedicated on November 27, 1926, during a football game between Army and Navy.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><b style="color: #00b400; font-family: "Merriweather Sans"; font-size: xx-large;">sidebar</b></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">In 1968, Soldier Field hosted the first Special Olympics. The City of Chicago changed the address of Soldier Field to 1410 Special Olympics Drive on June 24, 2018. This was done to commemorate the 55th anniversary of the Special Olympics and to recognize the stadium's role as the birthplace of the movement.</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The stadium became the permanent home of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL) in 1971.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">In 1978, the plank seats were replaced with individual seats. To offer fans a better view, seats were moved closer to the field, increasing the stadium seating capacity to nearly 57,000. </span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrfqJ83ksejhBYF83VNH_4okYfGl3XDn_RtvRnM2AEXoeutNnlFwH_WgVrb6KBEChWD4Gsu_5VCiDhG_y2x-uVStM9SeRpTuqPV1Ju-JPTU3rDkF6xgprQWQFUWKJJ5kt9IpI22H4Oxx5wG0UfCGBJOUIRqaKzTtKCu3IQLIeM08gQ5H_6Uo2MobdyVOs/s1280/soldier-field-aerial-view.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="874" data-original-width="1280" height="459" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrfqJ83ksejhBYF83VNH_4okYfGl3XDn_RtvRnM2AEXoeutNnlFwH_WgVrb6KBEChWD4Gsu_5VCiDhG_y2x-uVStM9SeRpTuqPV1Ju-JPTU3rDkF6xgprQWQFUWKJJ5kt9IpI22H4Oxx5wG0UfCGBJOUIRqaKzTtKCu3IQLIeM08gQ5H_6Uo2MobdyVOs/w671-h459/soldier-field-aerial-view.jpg" width="671" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Throughout the mid-20th century, Soldier Field underwent renovations, including the construction of a grandstand in the open end of the U, the replacement of plank seating with individual seats in 1978, seats were moved closer to the field, a new press box, and the addition of more than 100 skyboxes. This increased spectator capacity to more than 66,000.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><b style="color: #00b400; font-family: "Merriweather Sans"; font-size: xx-large;">sidebar</b></div><div><div><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;"><i><b>Early years hosted events included:</b></i><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: "Merriweather Sans";">The 1926 Army-Navy Football Game. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Merriweather Sans";">The second Dempsey-Tunney World Championship boxing match. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Merriweather Sans";">The University of Notre Dame has played 13 football games at Soldier Field, including. Notre Dame defeated Northwestern 13-6 on November 22. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Merriweather Sans";">Opening day Century of Progress ceremonies were held in Soldier Field on May 27, 1933. </span></li></ul></span></div><div><span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="688" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1us_odb7hnoXMJ_BHpvKuYSeW7nmfkVduZn4gL1BZacEFvGOJHHiy90PP_c71AabVPEa7jeVq8PYkmRFMlNo1YZVXsJCf0awlTjX_n9A1M7VAFcqcVvDnMerYLel0IkUH9h1YYbRYgt8a9IvuCvFl89N9LQQ067DKJw-dn1TkRKIrHlODQUUDNoZypUY/w651-h395/1933_Century_of_Progress_Opening_Day_Ticket.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="651" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><b>Ticket № 3. Opening Day World Fair Ceremonies at Soldier Field.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Merriweather Sans"; text-align: center;"><span style="clear: right; color: black; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: "Merriweather Sans";"><i>Major sporting events at Soldier Field include:</i></b></div></div></span></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: "Merriweather Sans";">The January 5, 1986, NFL Divisional playoffs and the January 12 Championship games were held at Soldier Field, leading to the Chicago Bears winning Super Bowl XX against New England Patriots, 46 to 10, in the Louisiana Superdome on January 26, 1986.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;"><i>Three 1994 FIFA World Cup Games Held at Soldier Field:</i> </span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">June 17, 1994: The opening ceremony, emceed by Oprah Winfrey, and the opening game, featuring defending champion Germany.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">June 21, 1994: Germany vs. Spain.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Merriweather Sans;">July 2, 1994: Germany vs. Belgium; Brazil won the 1994 FIFA World Cup.</span></li></ul></ul></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">However, the most controversial chapter in Soldier Field's architectural journey occurred in the early 2000s when the stadium underwent a major renovation. The Chicago Park District, which owns the property, faced substantial criticism when it announced plans to alter the stadium with a design by Benjamin T. Wood and Carlos Zapata of Wood & Zapata in Boston. The stadium grounds were reconfigured by local architecture firm Lohan Associates, led by architect Dirk Lohan, grandson of Mies van der Rohe.</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsiRbFyxTqsfGYLLHFmcymKQNKNXdMkF3CEvRGKn6PxXn-seH2UGykabXeX3O8k6OHR65w96UUhhyphenhyphenotqbT1o1I_ZLtfiPyww7Fpn11WkNxLVtZMXAjSpdSrBlw3a9FCy-IbQJiJ3V34riuRCzBGZZIBUJLiF5sGKPA_1CKzA2yZV8X9_M6vcSvTR2KS-E/s1280/soldier-field-looking-south-2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="377" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsiRbFyxTqsfGYLLHFmcymKQNKNXdMkF3CEvRGKn6PxXn-seH2UGykabXeX3O8k6OHR65w96UUhhyphenhyphenotqbT1o1I_ZLtfiPyww7Fpn11WkNxLVtZMXAjSpdSrBlw3a9FCy-IbQJiJ3V34riuRCzBGZZIBUJLiF5sGKPA_1CKzA2yZV8X9_M6vcSvTR2KS-E/w670-h377/soldier-field-looking-south-2.jpg" width="670" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The renovation aimed to modernize Soldier Field while preserving its historic façade. Completed in 2003, the updated Soldier Field retained its classic colonnade while incorporating a bold and contemporary design. Adding a glass and steel structure, known as the "Grand Concourse," brought a jolt of modernity to the stadium, while the two elliptical seating structures on either side of the original colonnades are striking additions to the structure.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">While the innovative design allowed for enhanced amenities, increased seating capacity, and improved accessibility for fans, many preservationists, architecture critics and residents were not thrilled about the renovation. The modern additions were seen as incongruous with the stadium's neoclassical origins. "It looks like a spaceship landed." Debates about the design of the stadium continue today.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Despite the controversy, Soldier Field attracts hundreds of thousands of spectators for NFL games, athletic events, concerts and more. As the Chicago Bears look to move their home field to another location, the future of the iconic field by the lake is yet to be determined.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal; The Premier Academic Resource for Illinois and Chicago History™ by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.</div>Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.http://www.blogger.com/profile/10605531495401356831noreply@blogger.com0Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798213.567879763821153 -122.7860482 70.188347436178844 -52.473548199999996