History of Apple River Fort in Elizabeth, Illinois.

The Black Hawk War [aka Sauk War], one of the Indian Wars, was fought in northwest Illinois and what is now southwest Wisconsin. The war was brief, lasting only from April 1832 to August 1832. Black Hawk, a Sac (aka Sauk) chief, led a band of about 500 warriors against the U.S. Army, Illinois militia, and American civilians. The conflict began with the controversial Treaty of St. Louis in 1804, in which the Sauk and Meskwaki (aka Fox) tribes ceded 50 million acres to the United States for $2,234.50 plus a $1,000 per year annuity.

The discovery of lead in Galena during the 1820s brought many miners and settlers to the area, forming small communities and pushing out the Sauk and Fox tribes. One such community was the Apple River settlement, which would become Elizabeth, Illinois. By 1827, several families and a general store made up the settlement. At the time, President Andrew Jackson was in office and supported a number of actions against the Native Americans, including the Indian Removal Act of 1830[1]. Between the various laws and treaties and the rising number of American settlers, Sauk and Fox tribes found themselves pushed across the Mississippi River into Iowa.

Black Hawk allied with the British against the United States in earlier conflicts and was determined to reclaim his people’s land. In April 1832, he brought 500 warriors and as many as 700 women, children, and the elderly up the Rock River. Governor Reynolds immediately called up the Illinois militia. Black Hawk saw early success against the Illinois militia in the Battle of Stillman’s Run. He continued north, raiding and burning various settlements along the way.

Many settlers left the area entirely. Others, including the Apple River settlement, built forts and other defenses. The Apple River Fort began as a small collection of structures on a hill, to which the settlers added the second floor of the blockhouse as well as a palisade wall around the buildings. During the day, though always on guard, settlers went about their daily lives and retreated to the Fort at night or at the first sign of danger.

On June 24, 1832, on a calm Sunday afternoon, four men (Frederick Dixon, George W. Harkleroad, Edmund Welch, and J. Kirkpatrick) rode from Galena to deliver dispatches for Henry Atkinson. They stopped for refreshments at the Fort before continuing on. About 500 yards away, they were fired upon by Black Hawk’s warriors, with one taking a bullet to the thigh. They hastily returned to the Fort, alerting the settlers to the incoming assault.

Black Hawk himself and 200 warriors attacked the Apple River Fort for about 45 minutes. Inside the Fort, the men kept a constant stream of fire, with women reloading the rifles and children molding musket balls and rolling cartridges. The women, especially Elizabeth Armstrong, were reportedly very brave and played a big role in the successful defense of the Fort. The village is said to be named in honor of the multiple Elizabeths at the Fort that day. Not expecting the Fort to be so well defended, Black Hawk raided nearby cabins for supplies and moved on.

Of the 45 or so people inside the Fort, there was one death and two wounded; Black Hawk’s party suffered no losses. The Black Hawk War ended weeks later with the Battle of Bad Axe (or Bad Axe Massacre). This final battle of the Black Hawk War took place on August 1st and 2nd of 1832, near present-day Victory, Wisconsin.

Apple River Fort saw no more battles and was torn down by 1847, but lumber was used for other purposes. 

In 1995, the Apple River Fort Historic Foundation set out to locate the Apple River Fort. They were successful, and the following archaeological dig revealed the Fort’s complete footprint and a multitude of artifacts. 

In 1996, the Fort was reconstructed near the original foundations of the original fort. An Interpretive Center was later built to display exhibits, an interpretive film, and other materials to help tell the history of the Black Hawk War, the Apple River Fort, and the local history of Jo Daviess County and Elizabeth, Illinois.

The Apple River Fort State Historic Site is owned and operated by the State of Illinois and managed by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Sites.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

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[1] The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy. During the fall and winter of 1838 and 1839, the Cherokees were forcibly moved west by the United States government. Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died on this forced march, which became known as the "Trail of Tears."

The Potawatomi also suffered forced removal from Indiana to eastern Kansas, known as the "Trail of Death," which occurred from September 4th to November 4th of 1838. The caravan of 859 Potawatomi also included 286 horses, 26 wagons, and an armed escort of 100 soldiers who walked about 660 miles, from 8am to 4pm daily, eating only once per day in the evening. A few Potawatomi were left along the way due to typhoid from stagnant water found along the way. The forty-one Indians who died along the way were buried in unmarked graves.

Dan Goodwin "Spiderman" scaled the outside of the John Hancock Building and the Sears Tower in 1981.

Dan Goodwin's Interest in climbing buildings.
On November 21, 1980, Dan Goodwin witnessed the MGM Grand fire in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, including the inability of the Clark County Fire Department and the supporting fire departments to rescue scores of hotel guests trapped inside. Believing he knew how to rescue the trapped people, Goodwin presented a rescue plan to the on-location fire boss. Goodwin's plan included his climbing up the building and connecting cables to the floors to enable rescue baskets to be ferried to and from helicopters. The fire boss responded by threatening Goodwin with arrest and then ordered him escorted from the scene. The following day, Goodwin approached the fire chief of a Fire Department sub-station and presented his rescue plan. The fire chief told Goodwin he needed to climb a building to learn of the dangers of high-rise firefighting and rescue. The following Memorial Day, Goodwin scaled the outside of the Sears Tower in Chicago (renamed as "Willis Tower" in 2009), which at the time was the tallest building in the world.

Sears Tower, Chicago, Illinois.
On Memorial Day, May 25, 1981, wearing a Spiderman suit and using suction cups, camming devices, and skyhooks, Goodwin successfully scaled the then-tallest building in the world, the 110-story Sears Tower in Chicago.

For seven hours Goodwin fought the high altitude winds, slippery glass, and repeated attempts by the Chicago Fire Department to stop him. A few feet below the top Goodwin taped an American flag to the building to honor his father who fought in the Korean War. Chicago’s press dubbed him "SpiderDan." Goodwin stated the reason he scaled the building was to call attention to inadequacies in high-rise firefighting and rescue.

John Hancock Center, Chicago, Illinois.
On Veterans Day, November 11, 1981, wearing a wetsuit disguised as a Spiderman suit and using a climbing device he designed for the building, Goodwin scaled the 100-story John Hancock Center in Chicago. 

The photo is Dan Goodwin looking toward the top of the John Hancock Center in Chicago on November 11, 1981, as he nears his final destination. A crowd, including police and firefighters, waits to greet and arrest him after his 100-story ascent.

To elude firemen who were descending toward him in a window-washing machine, Goodwin swung across the building with a rope. The fire department, on the inside of the building, used fire axes to shatter window glass near Goodwin and then through the openings in the glass attempted to dislodge Goodwin from the building with grappling hooks attached to long poles.

On a chilly Veterans Day of Nov. 11, 1981, Dan Goodwin was clinging by a homemade hook to an I-beam outside the 37th floor of the Hancock Center when then-Fire Commissioner William Blair gave the controversial order for firefighters on a higher floor to let loose a fire hose on him.

"They tried to kill me," says Goodwin, who leaned to one side and then the other to keep the force of the cold water from blasting him off the side of the building. "I felt at any moment I could die, and that brought out the warrior in me."

Equally determined not to let Goodwin, who had climbed the world's tallest building (now known as the Willis Tower) on Memorial Day, make it to the top of another Chicago building, the fire department tried to block his path with long poles and even smashed windows in an attempt to grab him.

"It was very intimidating to see the ax come through the window," says Goodwin, who will turn 59 on Friday and expects to be a grandfather next year.

Realizing the danger and the liability for the city, then-Police Superintendent Richard J. Brzeczek took command of the scene, called off the firefighters, and threatened to tow the firetrucks. He read a court order prohibiting Goodwin from finishing the climb.

With a mob gathered on the street below cheering, "Let him go! Let him go!" and TV stations recording the spectacle, then-Mayor Jane Byrne intervened, she took an elevator to the 38th floor and leaned out a broken window to see Goodwin perched below her "like a little bird."

"I never heard of her, so when this woman sticks her head out the window, she had to introduce herself," Goodwin recalls. Byrne clearly wasn't happy with him, "but she was compassionate," Goodwin says. "The rest of the climb went really well. I was just cold."

Goodwin said he made the climb to call attention to the inability to successfully fight fires in high-rise buildings.

VIDEO

John Hancock Center Climb.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

The Beginning of Wolf Point in Chicago, including the history of the Wolf Point Tavern.

The origin of the name Wolf Point is unknown. In her 1856 memoir "Wau-Bun, the Early Day in the Northwest," Juliette Kinzie states that 'the place was then called Wolf Point, from its having been the residence of an Indian named "Moa-way," or "the Wolf."'

Other alternative explanations are that it was so named after the landlord of the grocery that would later be called the Wolf Point Tavern. killed a ferocious wolf and hung a painted sign of a wolf outside his tavern to commemorate the event, or that it was named by a soldier at Fort Dearborn because it was a place where wolves would gather at night.

The term Wolf Point originally referred to the Chicago River's west bank at the fork junction of its branches. Still, it gradually came to refer to the whole region around the forks and, in modern usage, is often more specifically used to mean the plot of land on the north side of the forks. The confluence of the river's three branches near Wolf Point inspired Chicago's Municipal Device. This Y-shaped city identification symbol can be seen on many Chicago buildings and city-owned vehicles.

The first non-indigenous settler at Wolf Point may have been a trader named Guarie. Writing in 1880, Gurdon Hubbard, who first arrived in Chicago on October 1, 1818, stated that he had been told of Guarie by Antoine De Champs and Antoine Beson. They had been traversing the Chicago Portage annually since about 1778. Hubbard wrote that De Champs had shown him evidence of a trading house and the remains of a cornfield supposed to have belonged to Guarie. The cornfield was located on the west bank of the North Branch of the Chicago River, a short distance from the forks at what is now Fulton Street; early settlers named the North Branch of the Chicago River the Guarie River or Gary's River.

James Kinzie (Virginia-raised second son of John Kinzie and Margaret McKinzie Kinzie, his first wife), son of early settler John Kinzie, built a tavern on the west bank of the river at Wolf Point in 1828. By 1829 this tavern was operated for Kinzie by Archibald Caldwell, who was granted a liquor license on December 8 of that year. Caldwell left Chicago early in 1830, and Elijah Wentworth became the landlord of the tavern. He was, in turn, succeeded by Charles Taylor (1831–1833) and William Walters (1833–1836). The tavern became known as the 'Wolf Point Tavern' or 'Wolf Tavern,' and a painted sign of a wolf was hung outside the tavern by approximately 1833.

Wolf Point Tavern

In about 1829, Samuel Miller and his brother John opened a store on the north bank of the river at the forks. In 1830, they enlarged their store and began to operate it as a tavern in competition with the Wolf Point Tavern. On June 2, 1829, Samuel Miller and Archibald Clybourn were authorized to operate the first ferry across the Chicago River. Clybourn was the ferryman, crossing the river's North Branch between Miller's tavern and the Wolf Point Tavern. In 1831 John Miller built a log house near his brother's tavern that he used as a tannery, Chicago's first recorded factory. Samuel Miller sold the tavern and moved away following the death of his wife in 1832.

Mark Beaubien opened the Eagle Exchange Tavern in a log cabin on the south bank in 1829. In 1831 Beaubien added a frame addition and opened the Sauganash Hotel, Chicago's first hotel. Immediately adjacent to the hotel's Tavern was Chicago's first drug store and first pharmacist, Philo Carpenter. Beaubien left the Sauganash Hotel in 1834, but the hotel continued in operation until it was destroyed by a fire in 1851. In 1837, the hotel hosted the first Chicago theatre company in a converted dining room. The site of the Sauganash Hotel was redeveloped as the Wigwam building in 1860; the site today is at 191 North Wacker and is designated as a Chicago Landmark.

The Sauganash Hotel. The log building on the left was Chicago's first drugstore.

James Kinzie built the Green Tree Tavern at the northeastern corner of Canal and Lake Streets in 1833. The tavern underwent a succession of owners and name changes before moving in 1880 to 33-35- 37 Milwaukee Avenue. In 1902 plans were made to preserve the building and move it to Garfield Park. However, the hotel collapsed before work could start on this project.

Where the Green Tree Tavern moved to.

Moved in 1880 to 33, 35, and 37 Milwaukee Avenue.

Rev. Jesse Walker started the first church on June 14, 1831, with ten members in a log cabin. In 1838, the congregation floated their log cabin across the Chicago River and rolled it on logs to the corner of Washington and Clark Streets, where it is the First United Methodist Church of Chicago today.

Archibald Clybourn's ferry across the North Branch of the Chicago River was replaced by a bridge in the winter of 1831 and 1832, and a bridge across the South Branch of the river located between Lake and Randolph Streets was added in the winter of 1832 and 1833. Early settlers J. D. Caton, John Bates, Charles Cleaver, and John Noble wrote in a letter in the fall of 1883 that both of these bridges were constructed of logs; they were about 10 feet wide and cleared the river by about 6 feet.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.