Embers of Change: How Two Infernos Molded Modern Chicago

The embers of disaster were already smoldering in Chicago before O'Leary's cow took the blame. On the night of October 7, 1871, a fire erupted in a lumber yard on the West Side. This blaze, now known as the "Saturday Night Fire," quickly grew into a hungry monster, devouring homes, businesses, and everything in its path.

The Saturday Night Fire Map.

 

Firefighters battled tirelessly against the flames, pushing themselves to the brink of exhaustion. After two days, they managed to contain the Saturday Night Fire, but the victory was bittersweet. The city was left wounded, its firefighters drained, and its resources stretched thin.

The O'Leary Spark

The following evening, October 8, a fire ignited in a barn on the O'Leary property. While the exact cause remains shrouded in mystery, Catherine O'Leary's cow, whose name is unknown, became the scapegoat, forever etched into the folklore of the Great Chicago Fire.

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Mrs. Catherine O'Leary and the Cow were exonerated (but not Mr. Patrick O'Leary) from starting the 1871 Chicago Fire. The Resolution was signed by Mayor Richard M. Daley and the City Council of Chicago on September 10, 1997.

The city's weary fire brigade responded as quickly as possible, still reeling from the previous night's ordeal. But the fire, fueled by dry conditions and strong winds, had already taken hold. It rapidly transformed into a raging conflagration, consuming everything in its path with terrifying speed.

A City Ablaze

The Great Chicago Fire raged for three days, painting the night sky with apocalyptic orange, red, and yellow hues. The city's wooden structures became kindling, feeding the fire's insatiable appetite. The inferno spared little, leaving a trail of devastation that stretched for miles.

Over 300 people lost their lives in the blaze, and countless more were left homeless. The heart of Chicago had been reduced to ashes, a haunting reminder of the destructive power of nature.

Rebirth from the Ashes

In the aftermath of this dual disaster, Chicago faced a monumental challenge. Yet, a spirit of resilience and determination rose from the ashes of tragedy. The city rebuilt itself, emerging more determined and vibrant than ever.

The Great Chicago Fire also spurred advancements in fire safety and urban planning. The introduction of fire hydrants, stricter building codes, and the creation of a professional fire department all emerged as a direct response to the devastation.

Chicago Shelter Cottages - Mass construction of Kit houses for 1871 Fire Victims.

Two Fires, One Legacy

While the Saturday Night Fire fades into the shadow of its more infamous successor, its impact on the Great Chicago Fire cannot be ignored. It weakened the city's defenses, leaving it vulnerable to the second, more devastating blow, which burned for 17 hours.

Together, these two fires shaped Chicago's destiny. They are a reminder of the fragility of human existence and the enduring power of the human spirit to rebuild and overcome.

Afterword

The "Saturday Night Fire" left Chicago with severely compromised defenses. After a grueling seventeen-hour battle against the city's worst fire, the fire department was on the brink of collapse. Hoses were in tatters, coal supplies were running dangerously low, and the William James Steamer №3, a crucial piece of equipment, was damaged beyond repair. The loss of the Clybourne hose cart and the exhaustion of the 190 firefighters, who were struggling with smoke poisoning, swollen eyes, dehydration, and burns, left the city's firefighting capabilities in shambles. Citizens filled buckets of water for the horses to drink and pour over them to cool them off. A few women gave the dirtiest horses baths first. And, as reported, those horses were grateful.  

William James Steamer Number 3

This depletion of resources and personnel undoubtedly contributed to the rapid spread and catastrophic damage caused by the Great Chicago Fire, which erupted mere hours later. If the Saturday Night Fire had not occurred, the firefighters would have been better equipped and rested to face the subsequent blaze, potentially sparing the city from some of the devastation that followed.

Chicago Shelter Cottages - Mass construction of Kit houses for 1871 Fire Victims.

This Article was Critiqued by "Meta AI."

Dr. Gale, your article is well-written and engaging, providing a clear and concise account of the two fires that shaped modern Chicago. Here are some specific things you do well:

• You set the scene effectively, transporting the reader to the time and place of the fires.
• You provide a clear structure, dividing the article into logical sections that flow smoothly.
• You use vivid language and imagery to describe the fires and their impact.
  
  
• You include interesting historical details and context, such as the exoneration of Mrs. O'Leary and her cow.
• You highlight the significance of the fires in shaping Chicago's future, including advancements in fire safety and urban planning.
• Overall, your article is informative, well-organized, and easy to follow. Great job!

Copyright © 2024. Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.  U.S.A  All Rights Reserved.

Edwardo's Pizza Restaurants: A Failing Chicago Institution.

Edward "Eddie" Jacobson founded Edwardo's Pizza in 1978 after leaving Giordano's employment. The first Edwardo's Pizza Restaurant opened on the far north side of Chicago in the Rogers Park community, and a year later, on the south side in Hyde Park, he opened his second location. The original Edwardo's Pizza location was a small, cozy spot with red-and-white checkered tablecloths and vintage Italian posters adorning the walls. Eddie's wife, Marie, helped with the cooking, while their children, Mark and Lisa, assisted with serving customers. The family's warmth and hospitality quickly made Edwardo's a neighborhood favorite.

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Here are some facts about the history of stuffed pizza in Chicago:

Stuffed pizza was inspired by the deep-dish pizzas that were already popular in Chicago. Nicknamed the "Pizza Pie." 

The Inventors claim the base of their recipe is a family member's Easter Pie Recipes, known as "Scarciedda," which were made in Turin, Italy.

The 1970s marked the Golden Age of Pizza in Chicago. Legends were born: Gino's, Lou's, Pequod's, and Nancy’s Pizza. Many folks might think they know the true history of stuffed pizza (and who invented it), but few realize that, in 1971, the founders of Nancy’s sold the world’s first stuffed pizza. 

Eddie's journey began many years earlier. He grew up in Chicago, surrounded by the sights, smells, and tastes of traditional Italian cuisine. His family's kitchen was always filled with the aroma of freshly baked bread, simmering sauces, and melting mozzarella. Here, Eddie developed his secret recipe, passed down through his family of Italian cooks.

Edwardo's Pizza

Edwardo's early on sought to carve out a niche with a healthier version of stuffed pizza, and they introduced a spinach-soufflé-stuffed pizza. They also grew basil and oregano hydroponically in each of their stores. In the early 1980s, Edwardo tried out a whole-wheat crust (available on pizza orders for an extra cost). They were also known to make use of San Marzano tomatoes, a plum tomato variety, for their pizza sauce. San Marzano tomatoes are grown in the volcanic soil near Mount Vesuvius in Italy, which is rich in nutrients and minerals, giving the tomatoes a distinctive sweetness and low acidity, offering a balanced flavor profile with a blend of sweetness, rich tomato intensity, and a pleasant level of acidity.

Edwardo's Pizza Slice

By 1984, when Jacobson entered into a relationship with Chicago real estate investors Ivan and Jeffrey Himmel, Edwardo's had six locations. Soon thereafter, Edwardo's expanded to Minneapolis and Milwaukee. 

As the pizzeria's popularity grew, so did its reputation. Foodies and locals raved about the thick, crispy crust made with a special flour, water, and cornmeal blend. The sauce added a tangy, slightly sweet flavor profile. Melted mozzarella cheese, applied in generous portions, completed the classic combination.

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Stuffed Pizza is a Chicago creation. 

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Edwardo's Pizza expanded to new locations across the city, solidifying its status as a beloved Chicago institution. Critics and patrons alike praised the pizzeria's consistency, flavor, and value. Edwardo's received numerous accolades, including "Best Pizza in Chicago" awards from local publications and a spot on the Food Network's "Top 10 Pizzerias in the Country" list.

In the meantime, Himmels's company took over Edwardo's entirely and expanded its food empire to include Gino's East. Edwardo's has suffered some setbacks in recent years, but today, there are still nine locations, seven of which are in the Chicago area, one on the outskirts of Milwaukee, and another in Muncie, Indiana.

There's been talk that Edwardo's quality has been dropping in recent years. People say it's definitely the weakest of Chicago's major Deep-Dish Pizza chains. 

Recently, there have been many negative comments about Edwardo's:

"I'd have to say it is definitely the weakest of the major Deep-Dish Stuffed Pizza chains in Chicago. The crust on the deep dishe pizza was generally crisp but also bland. The sauce was overly sweet and the cheese didn't really stand out at all. The meat toppings (sausage, pepperoni, bacon and Canadian bacon) were also mediocre at best, and in the case of the sausage, downright embarrassing." Anonymous 2024

"The BBQ Beef special (with sliced Italian beef, Monterrey Jack cheese, red onions, green peppers and BBQ sauce) was ordered on a whim and was entirely missable." Anonymous 2024

Eddie's children and grandchildren became involved in the family business as the years passed, ensuring that the tradition of quality and authenticity continued. Mark, Eddie's son, took over as head chef, introducing new menu items while remaining true to the original sauce recipe. Lisa, Eddie's daughter, managed the front of the house, welcoming customers with the same warmth and hospitality that had defined the pizzeria from its early days.

Today, Edwardo's Pizza remains a family-owned and operated business, with Eddie's grandchildren, Alex and Mia, helping with daily operations. The pizzeria continues to innovate, offering new specials and menu items while remaining committed to its heritage and the traditional Italian cuisine that has made it a Chicago staple.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

Lou Malnati's Pizzeria History. (1971—Present)

Lou Malnati's Deep Dish Pizza

Lou and Jean Malnati founded Lou Malnati's Pizzeria in Lincolnwood, IL, on March 17, 1971. The restaurant thrived despite a car crashing through the dining room wall on opening day.

Expansion followed, but the third location in Flossmoor faced logistical challenges (50 miles from Lincolnwood HQ), leading to temporary closure. Lou's son Marc joined Jean, and they overcame obstacles, upholding the family's tradition of excellence.

Lou Malnati's Pizza Slice.

The Malnatis have been dedicated to giving back and hosting annual charity events, including Lou Malnati's Cancer Research Benefit, which has raised over $3.5 million for cancer research. The family's legacy continues to inspire, and their beloved pizzerias remain a beacon of warmth and community.

In the 2000s, Lou Malnati expanded nationwide with its "Priority Pizza" mail-order venture, partnering with iconic Chicago brands. It opened new locations, including its first out-of-state pizzeria in Phoenix in 2016, followed by locations in Indiana and Wisconsin.

With over 3,500 employees, Lou Malnati's is recognized as one of the Chicago Tribune's Top 100 Places to Work and a National Top Workplace. They continue to grow, exploring new markets and providing opportunities for their team to succeed. The spirit of generosity lives on through events like the annual Cancer Research Benefit and Thanksgiving food basket drive.

What Makes Lou Malnati's Special?

Lou Malnati's success comes from its commitment to quality. Every Lou Malnati pizza is handmade from scratch using the finest and freshest ingredients. The Malnati team hand-selects California vine-ripened tomatoes in California yearly for the perfect sweet and tangy taste. The exclusive sausage blend is seasoned to our exact specifications. The fresh mozzarella cheese comes from the same small dairy that has supplied Lou Malnati's for over 40 years. And our family's secret recipe for flaky, buttery crust has been passed down from generation to generation. You'll know with every bite that each pizza was made with care and special attention.

On A Personal Note:
From my dining experiences with dozens of popular and famous Chicagoland Pizza Restaurants, I know that only a few finer Pizzerias have their own sausage recipes to use in their restaurant. Pequod's had a local old Italian man make their recipe. It is the best sausage, better than I've ever had at any other pizza joint. Hands-Down! Who can vouch for my statement?

Lou Malnati's Location Opening Dates: 

1. March 17, 1971: Lincolnwood
2. November 16, 1971: Elk Grove Village
3. January 3, 1977: Flossmoor
4. June 22, 1981: Wilmette
5. February 1, 1982: Northbrook
6. October 22, 1985: Schaumburg
7. May 5, 1986: Chicago – River North
8. March 1, 1989: Buffalo Grove
9. September 15, 1992: Mount Prospect
10. February 14, 1994: Naperville – Downtown
11. April 12, 1995: Highland Park
12. November 8, 1995: Chicago – Lawndale
13. April 15, 1996: Park Ridge
14. October 1, 1996: Libertyville
15. June 2, 1997: Elmhurst
16. May 4, 1998: Palatine
17. November 24, 1998: Chicago – Lincoln Park
18. March 5, 1999: Carol Stream
19. January 22, 2001: Schaumburg – Barrington Road
20. February 14, 2001: Naperville – South 95th
21. November 14, 2001: Bloomingdale
22. May 8, 2003: Evanston
23. January 13, 2005: Grayslake/Gurnee
24. June 27, 2005: Western Springs
25. October 24, 2005: Geneva
26. April 6, 2007: Lake Zurich
27. August 29, 2007: Lakewood
28. August 16, 2007: Chicago – Bucktown/Wicker Park
29. March 5, 2008: Lake Forest
30. 2008: Chicago – South Loop
31. March 26, 2009: Tinley Park
32. September 30, 2010: Bolingbrook
33. July 4, 2011: Chicago – Gold Coast
34. February 28, 2011: Downers Grove
35. April 12, 2012: Joliet/Shorewood
36. November 8, 2012: Oak Lawn
37. June 20, 2013: Elgin
38. February 10, 2014: Oak Park
39. September 25, 2014: Palos Heights
40. October 20, 2014: Chicago – West Loop
41. May 4, 2015: Chicago – Lincoln Square/North Center
42. February 17, 2015: Oswego
43. June 6, 2015: Harwood Heights
44. August 21, 2015: Buzz Bait Taqueria
45. November 4, 2015: Cary
46. February 15, 2016: New Lenox
47. March 17, 2016: Chicago – Old Irving/Six Corners
48. 2016: Phoenix, AZ
49. December 2019: Fox Point, WI
50. January 2021: Greenfield, WI
51. August 2022: Brookfield, WI
52. August 2022: Oak Creek, WI

By Lou Malnati's Pizza Restaurants

Edited by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

C.D. Peacock, Chicago. Fine Jewelry & Watches — 1837─Present

Elijah Peacock was an English immigrant who, along with his wife, Rebecca Haylock, moved to Chicago in February 1837. Shortly after arriving, he opened the "House of Peacock" at 155½ Lake Street, a fine jewelry and watch shop. It was the first registered business in Illinois and is recognized as the oldest existing retailer in Chicago.

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The Panic of 1837: The Panic sparked a nationwide depression in March 1837,  lasting into the mid-1840s, but it couldn’t stop the House of Peacock’s success or Chicago’s growth. This would be the first of many hardships that the House of Peacock and Chicago found themselves in and would overcome together. Families migrated west as the East Coast felt the depression especially hard. 

 

What a Brillant Marking Piece for Chicago & Illinois !!! 

The Town of Chicago (inc. August 12, 1833) was granted a charter, becoming the City of Chicago, on March 4, 1837. C.D. Peacock is older than Chicago and is the oldest continuously operating business in (2024) Chicago. It predates the city's official incorporation on March 4, 1837, and has witnessed Chicago's transformation from a frontier outpost to a bustling city.

Charles Daniel Peacock (C. D. Peacock)

C.D. Peacock lived at 1713 W. Indiana Avenue, which is now in the 38 hundred block of West Indiana Avenue.

By 1843, Chicago was rich in transportation and fertile ground. The city was a hub for business, and Elijah Peacock was one of six jewelers. As Chicago grew in size and numbers, so did Peacock's. 

In 1843, the House of Peacock moved around the corner to 195 Lake Street and Wells.

People were drawn to the city with each transportation upgrade, especially the addition of the Indiana and Michigan Canal and the thousands of miles of railways connecting Chicago to the rest of the country. 

In fact, legend has it that Elijah was an early investor in the canal, making the business boom possible. A few years after he opened shop, Elijah acquired prime land in that area from a gambler who "paid" his debts with a deed to the land, which was only thought to be worth very little at the time. Eventually, the value of land close to the canal skyrocketed, and Elijah sold it to fund the canal, paving the way for the store's and Chicago's growth.

Once again, the economic landscape shifted. In 1849, the House of Peacock moved to 199 Randolph Street. Then again in 1854, to 205 Randolph Street.

The House of Peacock specialized in selling and repairing watches and carried a small jewelry line. Elijah passed on his trade to his son, Charles, who eventually took over the business when his father retired after the Chicago Fire in 1871. 

After the fire, the House of Peacock quickly reopened for business. In 1873, Peacock moved to 98 State Street at the corner of Monroe Street. The next move was to 86 West Madison Street.

Under Charles' management, the firm changed its name to C.D. Peacock and expanded its offerings and locations, opening at 118-120 S. State Street at Adams Street.

While Elijah Peacock primarily focused on selling and repairing watches, evidence suggests he also introduced some jewelry items to his customers. Historical accounts mention that he brought "deluxe jeweled necklaces" for the elite women of Chicago and sold fine silver dining sets.

In 1889, Elijah's son, Charles Daniel (C.D.), took control of the business and changed The House of Peacock to the name and luxury brand we now know as C.D. Peacock. He had been very involved in the industry since he was a young boy, having grown up around the best jewelers and watchmakers.

However, it's unclear whether Elijah designed these items or simply curated them for his store. His son, Charles Daniel Peacock, expanded the jewelry selection significantly, and the company became known for its exquisite jewelry collections.

It's safe to say that Elijah Peacock played a crucial role in introducing fine jewelry and Swiss-made watches to the Chicago market, even if he wasn't necessarily the designer behind the pieces. He laid the foundation for C.D. Peacock's later success as a prominent jewelry retailer.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

Nightlife and Entertainment Clubs in Mid-20th Century Chicago.

Chicago nightlife proliferated in the wake of the 1871 Chicago Fire and again in conjunction with the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. During this period, the ragtime dance craze attracted exposition patrons to the entertainment area on the Near South Side. This infamous district, known as the Levee, was shut down in 1914 during Mayor Harrison's reform administration, and nightlife establishments moved out into other areas of the city. Since the early decades of the twentieth century, nightclubs have been concentrated in three areas: the Loop (on Randolph Street), the Near North Side (Rush Street), and the South Side (State Street and Garfield Boulevard).

In the 1920s and 1930s, Hotels used nightclubs catering to a general audience, featuring dancing to big bands, floor shows, and live radio broadcasts, like at the Camellia House Restaurant in the Drake Hotel. 

The Camellia House

These included the Stevens Hotel's Boulevard Room, the Palmer House Hotel's Empire Room, and the Sherman Hotel's College Inn–Panther Room. Freestanding nightclubs such as Friar's Inn (343 South Wabash), Don Roth's Blackhawk Restaurant (139 North Wabash), and Chez Paree (610 Fairbanks Court) were also located in or near the Loop.

Don Roth's Blackhawk Restaurant, Injunbar, and Wine Library.

Located at State Street near Garfield Boulevard on the South Side, the Club DeLisa was the largest and most important nightclub in the African American community from the 1930s through the 1950s. At the Club DeLisa, Chicagoans could hear performers such as Count Basie and Joe Williams.

Opening in 1907 on the far North Side, the Green Mill (4802 Broadway) remains Chicago's longest continuously operating nightclub. Performers such as singer/comedian Joe E. Lewis and vocalists Ruth Etting, Billie Holiday, and Anita O'Day appeared there in the early stages of their careers. A hang-out for Al Capone and mobsters. Rumors claim underground tunnels were used to sneak in and out of the club.

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Al Capone, a big fan of jazz music, gave many now-famous jazz musicians their start in Chicago. He also helped to promote and support Negro jazz musicians in Chicago. Louis Armstrong, Cab Calloway, Count Basie, Earl Hines, Jelly Roll Morton, Fats Waller, Billie Holiday, King Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band, and Nat King Cole all came of age in clubs owned, partnered, or controlled by Al Capone.

One of the most exotic and colorful suburban nightclubs was the Villa Venice, 2855 Milwaukee Road, Wheeling, Illinois.

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Sam Giancana, the notorious Chicago Outfit boss from 1957 to 1966, was deeply involved in the Villa Venice, a lavish supper club located in Wheeling, Illinois. Although he officially used the alias "Mr. Flood," it was widely known that the establishment was under his control. The Villa Venice, which opened in 1962, served as a front for illegal gambling operations, generating substantial profits for Giancana and the Outfit. However, it was also a popular entertainment venue, hosting renowned performers like Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis Jr., collectively known as the "The Rat Pack" from left to right: Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., and Frank Sinatra from an appearance at the Villa Venice in Wheeling, Illinois, owned by Sam Giancana, boss of the Chicago Outfit.

"The Rat Pack" from left to right: Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., and Frank Sinatra appearing at the Villa Venice.

The mobster and gambler clientele favored Parisian-style (casual chic) reviews with nude chorus lines. Giancana supported appearances by jazz artists such as Eddie South and Milt Hinton.

In the western suburb of Lyons, Mangam's Chateau (7850 Ogden Avenue) offered popular entertainment, including outdoor dancing and a dinner package.

Mangam's Chateau Restaurant, Lyons, ILL.

In the southwest suburb of Evergreen Park, the Martinique (2500 West 95th Street) was a popular restaurant and floor show venue for the far South Side.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

The Museum of Science and Industry has been renamed the Kenneth C. Griffin Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago.

The Griffin Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago

In a move that will forever etch the name of a visionary philanthropist into the annals of Chicago's revered cultural institutions, the Museum of Science and Industry (Museum of Science and Industry.) is set to undergo a transformative rechristening, paying tribute to Kenneth C. Griffin's generosity and foresight. 

This esteemed recognition follows a historic $125 million donation by Ken C. Griffin, the founder and CEO of Citadel, a leading global investment firm, and Founder of Griffin Catalyst, which encompasses Griffin's philanthropic and community impact efforts, focusing on identifying critical areas of need and delivering meaningful and scalable results that transform lives and better communities. 

The donation in 2019 is the largest in the museum's history. To celebrate its first official day as the Griffin Museum of Science and Industry, the Museum will offer free admission on Sunday, May 19, 2024.

The Museum of Science and Industry changed its name to honor the philanthropist Kenneth C. Griffin.

Griffin's remarkable contribution is a testament to his unwavering commitment to advancing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. 

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STEM education is an interdisciplinary approach to learning that focuses on the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. It aims to equip students with the knowledge and skills to succeed in the 21st-century workforce and solve complex, real-world problems.

STEM education will profoundly impact the museum's ability to inspire future generations of innovators, thinkers, inventors, and leaders. This landmark donation will enable Museum of Science and Industry. to expand its reach, enhance its exhibits, and foster a culture of curiosity and discovery, cementing its position as a premier destination for scientific exploration and learning.

In recognition of Griffin's extraordinary philanthropy, the museum will henceforth be known as the Kenneth C. Griffin Museum of Science and Industry, a fitting tribute to a champion of education, innovation, and progress. This naming honor acknowledges Griffin's transformative gift and serves as a lasting reminder of his dedication to empowering individuals and communities through the power of science and education.

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"We are incredibly grateful to Ken Griffin for his historic and generous investment in our Museum, our mission, and our long-term future," said Dr. Chevy Humphrey, President and CEO of the Griffin MSI. "This gift helps us create exhibits of the future geared toward the next generation of scientists and leaders; it allows us to dig our heels in deeper to support science education in local schools and neighborhoods in new, more profound ways; and it enables us to carry out our mission to inspire the inventive genius in all of us."

As the Kenneth C. Griffin Museum of Science and Industry embarks on this exciting new chapter, it does so with a renewed sense of purpose and a deepened commitment to its mission of inspiring and educating the public about the wonders of science and technology. Griffin's generosity will have a lasting impact on the museum's ability to spark imagination, fuel curiosity, and shape the minds of tomorrow's leaders, ensuring that the museum remains a beacon of innovation and discovery for generations to come.

The donation has helped the institution launch several new immersive experiences, including the Griffin Studio, a one-of-a-kind digital space. It also aided the renovation of the Henry Crown Space Center.

The gift supported a new home for the SpaceX Dragon Spacecraft. This mission-flown Dragon spacecraft undertook two missions to deliver cargo and scientific experiments to the International Space Station (ISS)
in 2017 and 2019.

"The renaming provides an opportunity for us to celebrate the Museum's legacy and embrace its future," said David Vitale, Griffin Museum of Science and Industry. Board Chairman.

Kenneth C. Griffin - Chicago Philanthropy.

• Griffin had contributed millions to the Art Institute of Chicago, public education, the Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago, the Chicago Public Library, and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Griffin also contributed to the Museum of Contemporary Art, the "Evolving Planet" at the Field Museum of Natural History, and endowed professorships at the University of Chicago. 

• In October 2006, the Griffins and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation funded and supported the opening of Woodlawn High School, a new charter school in Chicago.

• In 2007, Griffin donated to the Art Institute of Chicago a $19 million addition designed by Renzo Piano.

• In October 2009, Griffin and his wife founded the Kenneth and Anne Griffin Foundation. The foundation's contributions include $10 million for the Chicago Heights Early Childhood Center, $16 million for Children's Memorial Hospital, and total funding for the University of Chicago's Early Childhood Center.

• In December 2016, Griffin gave $12 million to the Chicago Park District to help fund separate paths for cyclists and pedestrians along the city's 18-mile lakefront.

• In November 2017, the Kenneth C. Griffin Charitable Fund made a new $125 million gift to support the Department of Economics of the University of Chicago, which he was honored with the department being renamed the Kenneth C. Griffin Department of Economics.

• A $16.5 million donation allowed the Field Museum to purchase a cast of the largest dinosaur ever discovered in 2018, a 122-foot-long Argentinian titanosaur named Máximo.

• In October 2019, the Kenneth C. Griffin Charitable Fund announced a $125 million gift to the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, the largest gift in the museum's history. The museum intends to change its name to the Kenneth C. Griffin Museum of Science and Industry. 

• In 2024, Kenneth C. Griffin donated $125 million to the Museum of Science and Industry. The museum's name was changed to Kenneth C. Griffin Museum of Science and Industry.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

The Fortnightly Club of Chicago, for Women, was founded in 1873.

The Fortnightly Club of Chicago is a venerable and esteemed private women's club, founded in the year 1873 by Kate Newell Doggett (1828–1884) was an American botanist and suffragist, with the express purpose of providing a convivial and intellectually stimulating environment for women to engage in academic discussions, cultural enrichment, and community service. The club's nomenclature, "Fortnightly," is a nod to its original meeting schedule, which took place every fourteen days, or fortnightly, hence the name. It is the oldest women's association in Chicago. The club aims to enrich the intellectual and social lives of its members. In 1874, Doggett translated the French book The Grammar of Painting and Engraving into English.

Throughout its illustrious history, the club has been a bastion of intellectual and artistic pursuits, attracting a membership comprising some of Chicago's most accomplished, discerning, and philanthropically inclined women. The club's activities foster a sense of community, camaraderie, and cultural sophistication among its members, who gather regularly to engage in lively discussions, lectures, performances, and other events that showcase the city's rich cultural heritage.

Literary reviews and discussions are a hallmark of the club's programming, with members delving into the works of celebrated authors, poets, and playwrights, both past and present. Additionally, the club features lectures on various subjects, including art, history, science, and technology, delivered by experts in their respective fields. Musical performances, concerts, and recitals are also an integral part of the club's cultural offerings, showcasing the talents of local and international artists.

Philanthropy and community service are core components of the club's mission. Members actively support local arts organizations, educational initiatives, and social service projects that benefit the greater Chicago community. The club's commitment to giving back is reflected in its numerous charitable endeavors, impacting countless individuals and families throughout the city.

Membership in The Fortnightly Club of Chicago is by invitation only, extended to women who share the club's values, interests, and passion for lifelong learning. Members include professionals, artists, writers, and community leaders who are united by their desire to engage in stimulating conversations, expand their knowledge, and contribute to the betterment of society.

The club's clubhouse in the heart of Chicago is a warm and welcoming gathering place for members who share ideas, exchange perspectives, and forge lasting friendships. With its rich history, vibrant culture, and dedication to community service, The Fortnightly Club of Chicago remains a beloved and respected institution cherished by its members and the community at large.

Notable members Included Jane Addams, founder of Hull House and the first Juvenile Court in the nation; Bertha (Mrs. Potter) Palmer, society figure, art collector, and head of the Board of Lady Managers at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893; and Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson, the first female member of the American Medical Association. 

The Fortnightly owns and meets in this stately landmarked Helen and Bryan Lathrop House at

120 E. Bellevue Place in Chicago's Gold Coast community. FortNightlyChicago.org

The club's activities include:

• Literary reviews and discussions
• Lectures on art, history, and science
• Musical performances and concerts
• Philanthropic activities and community service

The Fortnightly Club of Chicago is very active today. Its focus is on fostering a sense of community and intellectual exploration among its members.

Membership:

Membership is by invitation only and is extended to women who share the club's values and interests. Members include professionals, artists, writers, and community leaders.

Meetings:

The club meets regularly at its clubhouse in Chicago, with meetings often featuring guest speakers, performances, or discussions on topics of interest to members.

Philanthropy:

The club is involved in various philanthropic activities, including supporting local arts organizations, educational initiatives, and community service projects.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

Carl Sandburg Village, 1355 N Sandburg Terrace, Chicago, Promoted Social Changes.

The History of Carl Sandburg Village

Carl Sandburg Village was built as an urban renewal project—intended to spur redevelopment of the diminishing near north side from its dilapidation. Sandburg Village emerged from the post-World War II urban renewal era in American cities. In the 1950s and early 1960s, Chicago's Near North Side, particularly the Old Town neighborhood, faced concerns about aging infrastructure and potential encroachment from nearby low-income communities. City planners, seeking to revitalize Old Town and shield the affluent Gold Coast neighborhood, envisioned a large-scale renewal project. This led to Carl Sandburg Village, named after the celebrated poet, intended as a mixed-income housing development. Its creation, however, came at the cost of displacing a vibrant Puerto Rican community.

Carl Sandburg Village Arial Photo.

The architectural firm Solomon Cordwell Buenz designed Sandburg Village in a modernist style, emphasizing clean lines and functional spaces. The complex includes towering residential high-rises, clusters of townhomes, and a centralized commercial district, aiming to create a self-contained community within Chicago's urban fabric.

The construction of Carl Sandburg Village had a profound impact. The displacement of Puerto Rican residents sparked controversy and ignited a debate about social justice and the priorities of urban renewal. These residents primarily relocated north to Lincoln Park and west to Humboldt Park.

Carl Sandburg Village Sales Model.

This displacement fueled significant social and political changes. The Young Lords Organization, previously a street gang, emerged from this displaced community. They transformed into a powerful human rights movement dedicated to Puerto Rican empowerment and opposing the urban renewal practices that had uprooted them in 1968.

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The ranks of the new Young Lords included former gang members, community residents, and activists. The Young Lords actively created change while serving poor and destressed communities. They notably utilized a church to offer basic services—such as health care, daycare, and lunch programs—to Black and Latino people. By 1969, Jiménez and the Young Lords had joined with Fred Hampton, leader of the Chicago Black Panthers, and other ethnically diverse groups to form the Rainbow Coalition. 

Carl Sandburg Village shifted from its initial affordable housing model to condominium ownership. While still somewhat affordable within the Gold Coast context, continued gentrification trends in Chicago have impacted the Village, influencing demographics and affordability in 1979.

Sandburg Village Today.

Despite its complex history, Sandburg Village retains a distinct appeal. Its green spaces, swimming pools, tennis courts, and prime location attract residents. The Village embodies a blend of the past and present – mid-century urban planning intersected with contemporary urban living trends and evolving neighborhood identities. Its walkability to grocery stores, nightlife, the lakefront, Lincoln Park, and Old Town's attractions adds to its appeal with 

charming experiences of unique boutiques, bistros, restaurants, entertainment like the Second City Comedy Club, Live Music Venues at bars and pubs, Steppenwolf Theatre Company, historic homes on picturesque streets, and the long-running Old Town Art Fair, founded in 1950.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

The Greek Settlement of Chicago in the 1840s and Beyond.

The Chicago Greeks showed unwavering determination, resilience, and a passionate love for their heritage. From the humble beginnings of those early mariners to the vibrant presence of today's Greektown, their tale enriches the mosaic of Chicago's history.

The Pioneering Years (1840s–1871)

The story begins amidst the bustling maritime trade routes of the 1840s. Hardy Greek sailors, drawn by the promise of Chicago and the Great Lakes, navigated the mighty Mississippi River, leaving New Orleans behind to get to Chicago. Reaching the headwaters of the Illinois River and then its tributary, the Des Plaines River, these intrepid adventurers faced the critical portage. The area around present-day Chicago offered the shortest and most manageable overland route, a testament to the region's strategic importance. After their portage, the Chicago River leads to Lake Michigan. Many of these immigrants sought a better life and their fortunes in commerce, thus laying the groundwork for future waves of migration.

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This arduous journey highlights why completing the Illinois and Michigan Canal in 1848 transformed regional transportation. The canal eliminated the need for the portage, making the trip from the Mississippi to Chicago significantly faster and more efficient. These seafaring pioneers, with hearts as vast as the Great Lakes, laid the foundation for a vibrant Greek legacy to take root in the heart of America. Some of these immigrants sought their fortunes in commerce, laying the groundwork for a future wave of migration.

The Great Chicago Fire and Building a Community (1871–Turn of the Century)

The cataclysmic fires in October 1871, the October 7 "Saturday Night Fire," struck Chicago in the evening, then came the October 8 Great Chicago Fire, devastating Chicago's business district. 

These fires ravaged Chicago, but they also became a catalyst for a surge in Greek immigration. News of Chicago's rebuilding efforts spread worldwide, attracting Greeks seeking opportunities in a city rising from the ashes. 

Greektown's founding father was Christ Chakonas, born in Sparta (modern-day Sparta is located in Laconia, Greece) and arrived in Chicago shortly after the Great Fire of 1871. Seeing opportunity in its ashes, he returned to his hometown and brought over relatives and neighbors, according to the late DePaul University professor Andrew T. Kopan. For that, Chakonas is remembered as the "Columbus of Sparta."

Chain migration, fueled by tales of success and family reunification, spurred the arrival of significant numbers of Greeks, primarily young men driven to build a new life.

These new Chicagoans initially congregated around the city's vibrant commercial districts. However, by 1882, the Greek settlement of Chicago was a thriving community numbering nearly 1,000 people near Clark and Kinzie Streets on the Near North Side.

From there, the settlement moved to the Greek Delta. The triangle formed by Halsted, Harrison, and Blue Island Streets became known as the "Greek Delta," a triangular letter of the Greek alphabet. It was a bustling hub where echoes of Greece mingled with the energy of Chicago.

Flourishing Institutions and Traditions

Within this budding Greek Delta, the foundations of community life took shape. The first Greek Orthodox Church in the Midwest, Holy Trinity, was established in 1897, providing a spiritual anchor. Alongside the church emerged businesses catering to their Greek clientele – coffeehouses, restaurants, and grocery stores stocked with flavors from their homeland.

The Greek Delta teemed with life. The scents of roasting lamb and the spirited sounds of Greek music filled the air. Coffeehouses buzzed with discussions about news from back home and dreams for the future. Greek schools, created to preserve language and culture for the next generation, sprung up. Organizations and societies flourished, fostering a sense of unity and providing vital support.

The Evolution of Greektown

As the Greek community expanded – reaching nearly 30,000 strong by 1930 – the Greek Delta became lovingly known as "Greektown." It remained the nucleus of Greek-American life in Chicago for decades. Here, traditions were nurtured, businesses thrived, and a vibrant cultural landscape was woven into the city's fabric.

Urban Renewal and the Modern Greektown (1960s–Present)

The 1960s brought a period of upheaval for Greektown. The construction of the Eisenhower Expressway and the University of Illinois at Chicago encroached upon the heart of the neighborhood, displacing longtime residents and businesses. Yet, the Greeks of Chicago proved resilient. Despite dispersal to other parts of the city ─ neighborhoods like Lincoln Square, Ravenswood, and the South Side ─ Greektown endured. 

The Greek Independence Parade was held downtown until the 1990s.

Determined to preserve their heritage, a relocated Greektown took root just a few blocks north towards the current location along Halsted Street. The businesses, cultural institutions, and the moniker "Greektown" moved with them. 

Iconic restaurants offering specialties like gyros (first served in America in Chicago) and saganaki (flaming cheese) became culinary magnets, attracting locals and tourists alike. The annual Chicago "Taste of Greektown" festival emerged in 1990 as a joyous celebration of Greek culture, complete with traditional food, drink, dance, and music, drawing huge crowds.

1990 was the First Annual Chicago "Taste of Greektown" Festival.

Today, Greektown, adorned with classical Greek architectural elements, is a testament to the enduring spirit of Chicago's Greek community. It remains a cherished destination where the legacy of the early Greek pioneers reverberates amidst the dynamism of a modern American city.

The story of the Greeks in Chicago is one of unwavering determination, resilience, and a passionate love for their heritage. From the humble beginnings of those early mariners to the vibrant presence of today's Greektown, their tale enriches the mosaic of Chicago's history.

Copyright © 2024, Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.