The Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago was renamed The Shirley Ryan AbilityLab.

A Chicago institution's most recent name change is the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, previously known as the "Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago." The name change occurred in 2017, and the lab was renamed to recognize Shirley Ryan's philanthropic contributions to the organization.

The Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago (RIC), 345 East Superior Street, Chicago, was founded in 1954 and has a rich history as a pioneer and global leader in physical medicine and rehabilitation. It quickly gained recognition for its innovative approach to patient care, focusing on restoring function and maximizing independence for individuals with complex conditions such as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, stroke, and amputation.

RIC's interdisciplinary team of experts developed groundbreaking therapies and rehabilitation programs, pushing the boundaries of what was possible in the field. The institute's commitment to research and education further solidified its reputation as a center of excellence, attracting top talent and fostering collaboration among doctors, clinicians, scientists, and engineers.

In 2016, Shirley Ryan and her husband, Patrick G. Ryan, made a record donation to the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. The donation amount was not disclosed, but it was the largest in the organization's 63-year history. Rumors suggest it was over $1.5 million.

In 2017, RIC underwent a transformative change in its name and facilities. The newly christened "Shirley Ryan AbilityLab," a state-of-the-art, 1.2-million-square-foot facility, opened its doors, representing a new era in rehabilitation medicine. The name change honored the remarkable contributions of Shirley Ryan, a tireless advocate for people with disabilities and a driving force behind the institute's growth and success.

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Shirley Ryan's connection to the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago began with a personal tragedy. In 1961, her then 13-year-old son, Patrick Ryan, sustained a severe brain injury during a swimming accident. This life-changing event led Shirley Ryan to seek the best possible care and rehabilitation for her son, ultimately bringing her to the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago.

Inspired by Patrick's transformative care at RIC, Shirley Ryan became a passionate advocate for individuals with disabilities and their families. She recognized the critical need for comprehensive rehabilitation services and cutting-edge research to improve outcomes for those with complex conditions.

In the following years, Shirley Ryan became deeply involved in RIC, dedicating her time, energy, and resources to advancing its mission. She served on the RIC Foundation Board of Directors for over 35 years, including 14 years as its chair. During her tenure, she spearheaded numerous fundraising campaigns, securing millions of dollars to support research, education, and patient care programs.

Shirley Ryan'Ryan'son extended beyond financial support. She played a pivotal role in shaping RIC's strategic direction, advocating for innovative approaches to rehabilitation and pushing for the development of new therapies and technologies. Her unwavering commitment to excellence and deep understanding of patients' families helped establish RIC as a global physical medicine and rehabilitation leader.

This life-changing event fueled her passion for improving the lives of individuals with disabilities and their families. She became a tireless fundraiser, advocate, and visionary leader, pivotal in securing the resources and support needed to build the world-class facility that now bears her name.

The Shirley Ryan AbilityLab represents a culmination of RIC's legacy and Shirley Ryan's unwavering commitment to advancing the field of rehabilitation. The facility's design integrates research, education, and patient care, reflecting a new model for delivering comprehensive and personalized rehabilitation services.

The Patrick and Shirley Ryan Family made Northwestern University's largest single gift, $480 million, in 2021. The gift will accelerate biomedical, economic, and business research breakthroughs, enabling the University to redevelop Ryan Field and construct a best-in-class venue for the Northwestern community.

Beyond its cutting-edge facilities, the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab upholds RIC's tradition of excellence in research and education. The institute's scientists and clinicians are at the forefront of developing new therapies and technologies to improve outcomes for patients with complex conditions. Through its educational programs, the AbilityLab trains the next generation of rehabilitation professionals, ensuring that the field continues to evolve and innovate.

Extensive landscaping and green space at the street level and throughout the upper spaces afford access to gardens. A green roof system tops the building. These features promote a healing environment and provide practical benefits, such as the absorption of heat on the roof and the diversion of rainwater from entering the city sewers.

With an average stay of 24 days, inpatient rooms were designed to provide visual access to restrooms, places for personal keepsakes, and sweeping views of the city oriented to encourage movement and progress. What a beautiful single room.

Water therapy has a specially equipped swimming pool and waterproof wheelchairs and equipment.

Each of the five ability labs — 1) "Think + Speak," 2) "Legs + Walking Lab," 3) "Arms + Hands Lab," 4) "Strength" Endurance Lab," and "5) "Pediatric Lab" — provide for both active and visible "front" stage" patient work with clinicians and researchers, as well as private, heads-down "backstage" space for analysis and planning.

An innovative "Wet Lab" allows researchers to study diseases, conditions, and injuries that can only be solved at the cellular level. Scientists can increase the number and speed of discoveries because they are co-located with clinical teams and patients.

In summary, the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, now the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, has a storied history of innovation, leadership, and unwavering commitment to improving the lives of individuals with disabilities. The institute honors Shirley Ryan's conRyan'sions, whose tireless advocacy, visionary leadership, and management abilities have shaped its trajectory. The Shirley Ryan AbilityLab is a testament to the power of collaboration, innovation, and unwavering dedication to a noble cause.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

Spillertown, Illinois, Challenges, Coal Mining and the Spirit of a Small Town.

Spillertown in Williamson County, Illinois, the story begins long before its incorporation in 1900. Population 175 (2023). 

In 1812, a hardy pioneer named Richard Bankston settled in what was then the wild frontier of Southern Illinois. He cleared land and established a homestead via the preemption rights common in that era, where settlers earned land ownership through development.

Four Spiller brothers came to the County in 1816 in a wagon train with other families from Robertson County, Tennessee. They were Elijah the preacher, Benjamin, Warrenton K., and William Spiller. Benjamin P. and William Spiller married in that earlier home, Elizabeth and Winifred Benson, sisters of William Benson, the first settler in Poor Prairie who gave Williamson County the land for a County seat. Elijah N. Spiller was the son of Benjamin Spiller, and he came with his father and uncles to establish his own home.

The Spiller family scattered throughout the County until nearly every community benefited from their leadership. For example, the family's daughters lived at Moeller Crossroads and Schoharie Prairie. Another was a charter member of the Christian church organized in Stotlar School, and still another taught in that school until she became the bride of Hiram Stotlar.

Elijah N. Spiller bought the land that became Spillertown in 1817 from its first settler, Richard Bankston. Bankston came about in 1812, established ownership by occupation and by tomahawk right, and then made a land entry in 1817. This preemption right and Mr. Bankston's improvements were sold to Mr. Spiller, who received the land deed from the government. He became a prominent local figure, lending his name to the future town. Noah Payne, a dry goods merchant at Marion, surveyed the town plat.

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A Girdled Tree.

A "tomahawk right" aka "tomahawk claim" or "cabin right," was an informal way for early white settlers to claim land ownership on the frontier in the 18th and early 19th centuries. It wasn't an official legal system, but more of a custom.

Here's how it worked:

• A settler would find a piece of land they wanted.
• They would then girdle some trees near a water source or other landmark. Girdling means cutting a ring around tree bark, which would eventually kill the tree.
• They might also carve their initials or name on the bark of  trees.

This marked the land as theirs, according to the informal system. It wasn't foolproof, but it sometimes convinced others or even led to the settler getting payment if someone else wanted the land. It's important to note that this wasn't a legal right, and eventually, proper land ownership procedures were established.

The old Harmony road went north from Marion through Spillertown to Frankfort and on to Benton in the days of horse-drawn vehicles. This was the road the earliest settlers took to Garret's Tavern and then to Harmony, Indiana, where the nearest carding machines were. 

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Carding machines were used to process raw fibers like cotton or wool, preparing them for spinning into yarn. 

Since the day a pioneer found coal near the village of Spillertown north of Marion, coal has shaped the economic landscape of Williamson County. The very name of Williamson County towns bespeak their mining history: Carterville, Herrin, Colp, Stiritz, and other towns were named for mines or the men who created them. Early blacksmiths performed some of the County's first mining, extracting fuel for their craft from small deposits near the surface of Hurricane Creek.

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Williamson County, Illinois once held the title of Illinois' top coal-producing County. During the 80 years of coal mining (1879-1959), the region generated a total of one million, five hundred sixty-five thousand, three hundred forty-eight

 (1,565,348) tons of coal. Over 160 coal mines, both surface and underground operated between those years. J.B. Williford was the first to mine coal 1879-1886 and The Finks Coal Company, R.W. Marshall Coal Company, Stilley Construction and Coal Company, and Wenzel Coal Company all closed in 1959. The fact that several major coal companies closed in the same year  underscores the decline the industry faced around that time. This likely had a major impact on the County's economy.

Benjamin and Warrenton K. Spiller were instructed to work their "hands" or hired men in Herrin's Prairie Road district when the Franklin County commissioners' court met in June 1839. Warrenton K. Spiller was the judge of general elections in Crab Orchard precinct with polls at Bainbridge. He officiated at an election for County surveyor in 1838 and at the election on the question of a County division in 1839. Each time, he was paid $1 for his services. When the division was accomplished, Warrenton K. Spiller was employed to copy the land records of Franklin County so far as they concerned Williamson County lands. He was paid $46 ($1,535 in 2024) for that work.

The home of Elijah N. Spiller was the meeting place in 1841 for the devout group who organized the first church of the Christian denomination in the County. Mrs. Joab Goodall rode horseback to these meetings from her home southeast of Marion, where Goodall's bridge still crosses Crab Orchard. The younger Goodall children would take turns riding pillion behind their mother (a secondary seat behind the coachman bench) to these weekly meetings at the Spiller house. Churches of the denomination were organized throughout the County from that meager beginning, the church at Marion about 1843. The Spiller name recurs in almost every Christian church membership in the County. Family members aided Rev. Clark Braden in establishing the Southern Illinois College at Carbondale, conducted under the control of the Christian church after the Civil War and before Normal, Illinois, was established.

Spillertown School, district 54, bears the impression of the family. Their standards established their school as superior, and to teach there has always been an acknowledgment of excellent qualifications.

Matthew I. Wroton taught Spillertown School in 1865, and for eight months, he had as pupil Captain George W. Young, late of Company E, 30th Kentucky mounted infantry. Mr. Young attended law school, opened an office in Marion, and was the County judge and state's attorney. He returned to Spillertown for his bride, another daughter of Elijah N. Spiller.

Walter Williams of Herrin's Prairie taught his first class at the Spillertown school in 1881. 

A landmark at Spillertown, the old Elijah N. Spiller homestead, was burned to the ground in September 1887. At the time, the house was occupied by the pioneer's daughter and her husband, Bethany J. and William M. Reid. Their daughter became the wife of Wiley F. Slater, County judge for several terms.

On May 20, 1898, a post office opened in Spillertown, further solidifying its status as a recognized town. James F. Reid served as the inaugural postmaster. The post office was closed on February 15, 1914. While losing dedicated postal services would be a setback for most towns, Spillertown's proximity to larger Marion likely mitigates the impact.

In the late 1800s, Spillertown developed as a small but self-sufficient rural village.

Throughout the 19th Century, Spillertown's location on a vital wagon route running from Marion to Benton helped the community grow. This route, known as the old Harmony Road, was a critical link for trade and communication, winding northward to Harmony, Indiana.

On March 3, 1900, the town was officially incorporated. 

Benjamin P. Spiller opened the B.P. Spiller Mine in 1906. By 1907, 1,174 tons of coal was mined.

As with many small towns, the 20th Century brought changes to Spillertown. Improved roads and the rise of the automobile made travel faster and easier, potentially leading to some out-migration. Technological advancements also transformed how people lived and worked.

By August 2011, Spillertown faced difficulties maintaining essential services in an increasingly modernized world. Town residents initiated discussions with the larger city of Marion regarding a potential annexation to address these challenges.

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Annexation can be a powerful tool for small towns, providing improved essential services like police and fire protection, trash collection, and water and sewer systems. It eases financial strain by merging tax bases with the larger city, potentially leading to lower taxes for residents. Small towns gain access to shared resources and more land for housing and development by joining larger economic hubs. Additionally, annexation offers greater influence over decision-making. It can even be a way to ensure sustained governance and services for dwindling towns rather than facing the challenges of remaining an independent municipality.

While the official status of Spillertown did not change through annexation, the stories of its pioneer beginnings, its growth as a small town, and the decisions its residents made to ensure a bright future all contribute to the rich tapestry of Southern Illinois history.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

What Happened to all the Alewives in Lake Michigan?

Alewives are small fish native to saltwater but migrate to freshwater rivers and streams to spawn. They are also called River Herring, Sawbelly, Gaspereau, and Kyak. Alewives are a type of herring similar to Atlantic herring and are a good source of protein and omega-3s.

Small Alewive (Herrings) Quickly Grow to Maturity.

Alewives, a non-native species, entered the Great Lakes through canals, lacking natural predators, allowing their numbers to explode.

In the 1960s, the government began a program to restore the balance of the Great Lakes ecosystem. With the intentional introduction of predators to control the exploding alewife population, non-native salmon species like Coho and Chinook were introduced into the Great Lakes. These salmon preyed heavily on alewives, bringing their numbers down significantly.

Alewives primarily fed on zooplankton. A reduction of zooplankton populations in Lake Michigan due to invasive zebra and quagga mussels also contributed to their decline by limiting their food supply.

Eventually, the alewife population reached a more balanced level within the Lake Michigan ecosystem. While die-offs still can occur, they are far less frequent and much smaller than the massive beaching events of the 1950s through the 60s.

Alewives are sensitive to sudden temperature changes. Cold weather snaps following warmer periods could shock massive numbers of fish, leading to die-offs. 

Thousands of alewives cover a beach near downtown Chicago after being washed ashore by Easterly winds. Migrants from salt water, the fish pack Lake Michigan. After they spawn, they die. Chicago Park District crews have the messy, smelly job of clearing the beaches and freshening the air.

The sheer vastness of their population meant that these die-offs resulted in millions of dead fish washing ashore, creating a foul-smelling mess on Chicago's beaches.

Alewives are still present in the Great Lakes but in much lower numbers.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

Elias Kent Kane was a key figure in the constitutional convention that drafted Illinois' constitution in 1818.

Elias Kent Kane left a lasting mark on the state of Illinois. Born in New York City in 1794, Kane pursued a legal education at Yale University. Shortly after graduating, he ventured west, finding himself in Nashville, Tennessee, for a brief period before moving on to Kaskaskia, then the capital of the Illinois Territory, in 1814. Kane's arrival proved fortuitous as he was quickly elevated to a territorial judge position, marking the beginning of an influential political career.

As Illinois moved toward statehood in 1818, Kane was a central delegate to the state's constitutional convention. He became a key figure in shaping the state's fundamental laws and earned the nickname "Father of the Illinois Constitution." In the same year, Kane was appointed Illinois' first Secretary of State. Ever ambitious, Kane won election to the United States Senate in 1824, serving as a Democratic senator until his untimely death in 1835.

Elias Kent Kane is buried in Evergreen Cemetery, at 501 West Holmes Street, Chester, Illinois, in the Kane family plot. The cenotaph[1] monument is located at the Congressional Cemetery at 1801 East Street SE, Washington, D.C., which was erected in Kane's honor because he died while serving in office as a United States Senator from Illinois.

Throughout his political career, Kane remained engaged in Illinois affairs and wielded power as part of an influential political faction. While not without controversy, his work helped to lay the foundations of government in the newly established state. Kane's legacy includes Kane County, Illinois, formed in his honor a year after his passing. Though initially buried in a family cemetery, Kane's remains were later reinterred in Evergreen Cemetery, Chester, Illinois. A cenotaph[1] stands in his honor at Washington's Congressional Cemetery.

Early Life and Career

Born: June 7, 1794, New York City

Education: Graduated from Yale College in 1813

Initial Career: Briefly practiced law in Nashville, Tennessee, before moving to Kaskaskia, Illinois Territory in 1814. He was appointed as a territorial judge almost immediately.

Move to Illinois: Relocated to Kaskaskia, Illinois Territory in 1814 and was quickly appointed a territorial judge.

Role in Illinois Statehood

Constitutional Convention: A pivotal delegate to the 1818 convention that drafted the Illinois State Constitution.

First Secretary of State: Kane held the first-ever position as Secretary of State of Illinois from 1818 to 1824.

U.S. Senate: Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1824, serving from 1825 until he died in 1835. He was reelected in 1831.

First Secretary of State (1818-1824): Kane held the first-ever position as Secretary of State of Illinois.

U.S. Senator (1825-1835): Elected as a Democratic-Republican (later Jacksonian Democrat) to the U.S. Senate, where he served for two terms.

Political Views and Legacy

Democratic Party: A member of the Jacksonian Democratic Party.

Advocate of Internal Improvements: Kane championed infrastructure development in Illinois, supporting projects like the Illinois and Michigan Canal.

Land Policy: Played a significant role in shaping land policy in Illinois.

Kane County: Though he never lived within its borders, Kane County, Illinois, was named in his honor in 1836.

Jacksonian Democrat: Kane was a strong supporter of President Andrew Jackson.

Advocate of Internal Improvements: Kane championed infrastructure development in Illinois, supporting projects like the Illinois and Michigan Canal.

Controversial Figure: His political alliances and dealings made him a somewhat controversial figure. Some historians argue he used his positions for personal and political gain.

Death and Burial

Died: December 12, 1835, in Washington, D.C., at age 41.

Burial: Initially interred in a family cemetery, then reinterred at Evergreen Cemetery, Chester, Illinois.

Kane County, Illinois: The county is named in his honor.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

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[1] A cenotaph is a monument built to honor a person or group of people whose remains lie elsewhere. The word comes from the Greek "kenos taphos," meaning "empty tomb."

Here are some reasons why Chicago's property grid system isn't completely perfect.

Chicago's property grid is often questioned about its imperfections. 

Historical Development

Non-Uniform Expansion: The grid didn't expand uniformly over time. Chicago grew in fits and starts, leading to irregularities where older, smaller grids joined newer ones. This mismatch can cause streets to jog or have unusual widths, disrupting seamless transitions.

1830 Original plat map of Chicago by James Thompson. From the plat map of Chicago, you can see that the Chicago River disrupted the perfect grid.

STREETS CONFIRMED TO BE FORMER INDIAN TRAILS:

Diagonal Roads: Older diagonal roads and Native American trails cut through the grid at angles, creating unusual intersection shapes and impacting block formation.

Archer Avenue: Followed a trail connecting Potawatomi villages near the Des Plaines River to Lake Michigan.

Clark Street: Part of an ancient trail following a glacial ridge, used by various tribes for centuries.

Lincoln Avenue: Traced part of an extensive trail system connecting Lake Michigan to Green Bay.

Milwaukee Avenue: Followed a well-established trail connecting Milwaukee to Chicago and beyond.

Ogden Avenue: Based on a Potawatomi trail leading from the Des Plaines River to present-day Joliet.

Ridge Boulevard: Originally known as "Indian Ridge," it followed a high-ground trail used by Potawatomi and Miami tribes.

Vincennes Avenue: Followed a trail connecting the Wabash River to Lake Michigan, used for trade and travel.

STREETS POTENTIALLY BASED ON INDIAN TRAILS:

Clybourn Avenue: Possibly followed a branch of the Milwaukee Avenue trail.

Cottage Grove Avenue: Likely followed a trail used by Potawatomi and other tribes.

Elston Avenue: It may have been part of a trail connecting the Chicago River to the Des Plaines River.

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Elston Avenue begins at 830 North Milwaukee Avenue, and ends at 6088 North Milwaukee Avenue, Chicago. 

 

Grand Avenue: It could have been part of a network of trails leading west from Chicago.

Higgins Road: Might have been based on a trail connecting the Des Plaines River to Skokie Valley.

 

Indian Boundary Road: Named for the territorial boundary established by the Treaty of St. Louis in 1816 between the Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi tribes and the United States government. 

CLICK THE MAP FOR AN ENLARGED VIEW
Map of Rogers Park and later the West Ridge communities showing Indian Boundary Road. Kenilworth Road is Touhy Avenue today. Interested in the 'LAKE' at Pratt and Kedzie? Click Here.

Sheridan Road: Potentially traced a trail used by Potawatomi and Sauk tribes.

GEOGRAPHICAL CONSTRAINTS

Lake Michigan: The lake limits eastward expansion, forcing the grid to abruptly end or bend to align with the coastline.

Chicago River and Bodies of Water: The river meanders through the city, leading to irregular block sizes and shapes where the grid has to adjust to its bends.

PRACTICAL ADJUSTMENTS AND HUMAN INTERVENTION

Railroads: Railroads required rights-of-way that often cut diagonally across the grid, causing fragmentation in the street pattern.

Expressways: Building expressways through the city involved significant alterations to the street grid, sometimes disrupting flow and continuity.

Subdivisions: Individual, smaller subdivisions within the larger community grid might use their own modified grid systems, contributing to minor irregularities.

 

Major Events: The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed large swaths of the city, and even though much of the rebuilding adhered to the grid, this event had lasting impacts on the layout in some areas.

Neighborhood Variations: Within the grid, the precise sizes of blocks and streets can vary between different neighborhoods.

DESPITE IMPERFECTIONS, THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE FLAWS

While not completely without kinks, the Chicago grid still provides numerous advantages:

Easy Navigation: The grid's overall simplicity makes navigation relatively easy compared to cities with less organized street patterns.

Addressing: The grid has a logical numbering system, making addresses predictable and easy to understand.

Land Division: The grid system simplified land division for purchase and development.

Historical Narrative: The non-grid elements reflect Chicago's historical evolution and growth. 

Looking North on Pulaski Road (Crawford Avenue) towards North Avenue, Chicago, 1947.

ADDITIONAL DATA POINTS

Plank Road History in the Chicago area.

Why the North-South Chicago Streets Don't Align at North Avenue.

A Primer about the difference between a Chicago Community and a Neighborhood.

Why Chicago Changed Street Names and Address Numbers in 1909.

Why does Chicago have Multilevel Streets?

Why is Chicago's Catalpa Avenue between Western and Lincoln Avenues so wide?

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

Comparative Cost of Macadamizing (Explained) and Planking the Streets of Chicago.

Since the experiment of macadamizing [1] (aka McAdamize) the streets of our city has been instituted, a great deal of discussion has been had as to the comparative cost and cheapness of this kind of roadbed over the planking in such general use, and articles, pro and con, upon this subject, have found their way into the newspapers.

Some time ago, the City Council ordered Harrison Street to be macadamizing. A number of property holders on that street, whose property was assessed to pay for the improvement, petitioned the Council to have the street planked instead, for the reason, as they alleged, that the latter road bed is cheaper than the former and, the street not being a prominent thoroughfare, quite as useful. The petition was referred to Mr. N.S. Bonton, City Superintendent, with instructions to report to the Council the comparative cost of both planking and macadamizing. 

South Water Street, Chicago, in the 1860s

The cost comparison is between planking one mile of the street, with the necessary filling to raise the street to an equal height with fourteen inches of macadamizing.

The annexed estimates show the cost for planking twelve, sixteen and twenty-four feet wide, with three-inch oak plank; also, the cost of macadamizing one mile the same width.

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May 12, 1857, Chicago Tribune:  Canal Street was ordered to be Macadamized from Van Buren Street to Old (18th) Street.

Chicago, August 22, 1857.

To plank one mile of street twenty-four feet wide with a three-inch oak plank, spiked with a wrought iron spike to seven, four by six inch, oak stringers, adding sufficient earth to fill up equal to eleven inches and twenty-eight feet in width:

• Totaled $16,885 ($593,300 today).

For planking one mile of street sixteen feet wide with a three-inch oak plank, spiked with a wrought iron spike to five oak stringers, four by six inches, adding sufficient earth to fill up to eleven inches high and twenty feet wide:

• Totaled $11,703 ($411,200 today).

For planking one mile of street twelve feet wide with a three-inch oak plank, spiked with a wrought iron spike to four oak stringers, four by six inches, adding sufficient earth to fill up to eleven inches high and sixteen feet wide:

• Totaled $9,201 ($323,300 today)

Estimate of cost of macadamizing one mile of the street, one course of stone broken to four-inch maximum diameter, eight inches deep, and covered with one course of stone, broken to two and one-quarter inches maximum diameter, six inches deep, also to grade the road-bed so as to make a suitable face for the stone:

• Twenty-Four Feet Wide; $15,644 ($549,681 today)
• Sixteen Feet Wide; $10,516 ($369,500 today)
• Twelve Feet Wide; $8,008 ($281,375 today)

We are informed by the Superintendent that the estimates for macadamizing are made at what it would cost the city to do the work-by-day labor but that it is probable the same work could be contracted for at nearly a thousand dollars less per mile. 

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September 8, 1859, Chicago Tribune:  A request to the Horse Railway Company to make sure that their road is well [water] sprinkled, particularly on the Macadamized part where the dust is already insufferable.

These estimates, it must be remembered in forming an opinion as to the best mode of making a roadbed, are for the first cost of the work and have no reference to the expense of keeping it in good order, which is quite as important a consideration as the other. It is to be regretted that the report of the Superintendent does not contain at least some approximate estimates upon this point. It would be scarcely satisfactory to those who we pay for street improvements to tell them that this or that method is the cheapest at the outset than any other when in fact, at the expiration of five to ten years, it may be found the most expensive, owing to the cost of repairs necessary to keep the street in passable condition. The public will be far more capable of forming a correct judgment as to the comparative value of the two kinds of improvement when it is furnished with at least an approximate estimate of the cost of keeping each one in good repair. In the absence of any such estimates, the controversy between the advocates of planking and macadamizing will probably be continued with unabated pertinacity.

There are some objections to macadamizing which are entitled to the serious consideration of our readers, the most important of which, so far as comfort and health are concerned, is dust. All experience shows that macadamized roads, by the time they are worn down to a comfortable smoothness, are covered with fine dust, which is not only excessively disagreeable but most injurious to eyes and lungs. This dust is constantly accumulating by attrition until the whole material of which the road is composed is either ground up or sunk beneath the surface of the earth. Macadamize Harrison or any other street, and it will share the fate of all other macadamized roads; either the atmosphere will be constantly filled with minute particles of pulverized stone, or the street, from being well watered, covered with stone paste, if it may be so called, from one to six inches deep. How much consideration may be given to this drawback is somewhat uncertain when it is remembered that, to a far greater extent than it should, the question of immediate cheapness controls the public decision as to the method to be chosen. The Superintendent has decided that macadamizing is the least expensive at the start, and with many persons, this is quite sufficient to determine the matter.

A word as to the much abused planking. Some of our citizens may recollect the planking put down many years ago on Lake Street, between State and Dearborn Streets. If we remember rightly, the planks were four inches thick, having been made by ripping eight-inch square timber. After it had been in place some seven years, it was taken up to lay a gas pipe for some analogous purpose. A friend who was passing as the time assures us that he examined the planks, then temporarily removed them, saw them sawed across and that they were not at all decayed. The only loss they appeared to have sustained was from the mechanical attrition of the wheels and horses' feet which had passed over them, and that was inconsiderable. The material seemed to be perfectly good for three more years of service.

It deserved to be carefully considered whether substantial planking of this character will not require fewer repairs than macadamizing, especially if laid upon a well-drained roadbed of sand or gravel.  We think such a planking, thoroughly laid down, would be good for ten years at least. A great deal of the planking heretofore done has been so imperfectly executed that is has, we think, produced a wrong impression as to the usefulness and durability of that mode of covering streets.

The estimates of the Superintendent are satisfactory so far as they go. Still, we trust that that officer, or some other person possessing the necessary data, will furnish the public with the cost per mile of the kind of planking we have indicated, and also a comparative estimate of the durability, cost of repairs, etc., of such planking and macadamizing. The subject is one of great importance, and now, at the very onset, it is best that the public should be supplied with all possible information relative to this substitution of macadamizing for planking the street of minor importance, for they take it for granted that the principal thoroughfares will be covered with much better material than either of them.

ADDITIONAL READING:

Plank Road History in the Chicago Area.

Rudimentary Road Construction History in Early Chicago & the Eastern United States.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

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[1] What is a "Macadamized" Street?

A macadamized street is a road that is made of crushed stone that is compacted into layers. The name comes from the Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam, who invented the process in the early 19th century.

Macadamized roads are characterized by their durability and ability to withstand heavy traffic. They are also relatively inexpensive to construct and maintain.

The basic principle of macadamization is to use crushed stone of different sizes to create a roadbed that is both strong and porous. The largest stones are placed at the bottom, followed by smaller stones and then a layer of fine gravel. The stones are compacted using rollers or tamping machines, which helps to create a smooth, even surface.

In some cases, a binder material, such as asphalt or tar, may be added to the macadam to help bind the stones together and prevent them from shifting. However, McAdam originally designed his roads to be unbound, relying on the weight of traffic to compact the stones and create a stable surface.

Macadamized roads were first introduced in the United States in the early 1820s and quickly became the standard for road construction. They were used to build many of the major highways and roads in the country, and they continue to be used today in some areas.

Advantages of macadamized streets: Durable and can withstand heavy traffic, Drains well, preventing mud, relatively inexpensive to construct, and can be used in a variety of climates.

Disadvantages of macadamized streets: They can be noisy, dusty, slippery in wet weather, and requires regular maintenance.

World's First Nuclear Reactor at the University of Chicago.

THE BEGINNING

Construction of CP-1, or Chicago Pile Number One, was constructed under the University of Chicago's Stagg Field football stadium (1893–1957) in an abandoned squash court. Mankind first harnessed the energy of the atom on December 2, 1942. Fermi's pile produced only ½ watts of power. It constantly emits radiation.

Envisioned by famous physicist Enrico Fermi, CP-1 was a crude, ugly contraption of 330 tons of graphite bricks surrounding 5 tons of unrefined uranium metal. It had no shielding to protect the scientists operating it, but it was nonetheless a major breakthrough in developing nuclear weapons. Fermi successfully achieved a controlled atomic chain reaction.

Despite its crudeness, CP-1 was a major breakthrough in nuclear science. It showed that it was possible to produce a controlled nuclear chain reaction and paved the way for developing atomic weapons and nuclear power plants.

As the use of CP-1 improved, concern for the safety of its operators (and the thousands of nearby students) promoted a move a few miles to the west to the Cook County Forest Preserves, Lemont, Illinois, named 'Site A.'

Chicago Pile Number One or CP-1

The scientists dismantled CP-1, moved it to Site A, and reassembled it into a cube about 25 feet high and 30 feet on each base. This time, Fermi added a few safety elements. Five-foot concrete walls surrounded its sides. Six inches of lead and 50 inches of lumber acted as a lid.

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Site A is about 20 acres in size and contains the buried remains of Chicago Pile-1.

Plot M is 150x140 foot (21K sq. ft.) area that is the radioactive waste dumpsite.

This redesigned reactor was named Chicago Pile-2 (CP-2). It was still a crude device but much safer than CP-1. CP-2 was used for research on nuclear weapons and other applications of atomic energy.

A year later, CP-3 joined CP-2. CP-3 was a more advanced reactor that used heavy water (H³O+) instead of graphite to slow nuclear reactions. CP-3 was used for research on nuclear power plants.

"World's First Nuclear Reactor," followed by a summarized history of Argonne. Photo: Forest Preserves of Cook County, IL.

For a decade, scientists conducted hundreds of experiments using these primitive reactors. The experiments ranged from nuclear weapons to biomedical research to sustained atomic energy.

The work at Site A and Argonne National Laboratory (which grew out of the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago) laid the foundation for the development of nuclear science and technology. 

The two reactors, CP-2 and CP-3, were shut down in 1954. The most radioactive and dangerous elements of the reactors were disposed of by the Oak Ridge Laboratory in Tennessee. 

U.S. Department of Energy, 1974.

The reactor was buried in 1954 an extremely deep hole, and the surrounding area was designated as a radioactive waste dumpsite.

In the 1940s and 50s, visitors to the Red Gate Woods often encountered well-armed military police. The MPs would question the confused strangers, check IDs, and search pockets. Then without an apology or explanation, the confused visitors would be ordered firmly to leave the area and not return.

RED GATE WOODS

In the early 1980s, amid the nuclear disasters at Three Mile Island and Chornobyl, the City of Chicago asked Greenpeace surveyors to test the burial grounds at Site A. The surveyors were horrified to find islands of radioactive elements dotting the Site. The City requested help from the federal government, but their request was denied. However, when the information about the radioactive contamination went public, there was an outcry from the community. People who had spent years strolling, picnicking, and riding horseback in the woods near Site A were outraged to learn that they had been exposed to dangerous radiation. 

The federal government eventually gave the City $30 million to fence off, analyze, and decontaminate the Site. A decade later, their efforts transformed Site A into a safe, recreational area where people can enjoy the outdoors without fear of radiation exposure. However, the Site is still monitored annually for radiation levels. 

The Legacy of Site A and Plot M is foremost a reminder of the early days of the nuclear age. It's a testament to the ingenuity of the scientists who developed the world's first atomic reactor. And most importantly, reminds us of the dangers of nuclear technology.

PUBLIC OUTCRY

In 1976, the public learned there was radioactive material in Red Gate Woods (Site A). The United States Department of Energy (DOE) released a report that found low levels of tritium in three wells in the area. Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen that is produced by nuclear reactors. The DOE concluded that the tritium likely came from Site A, which had been used for atomic research during World War II.

The DOE's report sparked a public outcry. The Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) conducted its own investigation and found that the wells' tritium levels were elevated but posed no immediate health risk to the public. However, the IDPH recommended that the DOE take steps to further study and clean up the Site.

The DOE continued to study Site A in the years that followed. In 1994, the DOE and the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) began a significant cleanup effort at the Site. As part of the cleanup, 500 cubic yards (135 tons) of radioactive waste was removed and sent to the Hanford Site for disposal. By 2002, the IDPH had determined that the remaining materials posed no danger to public health.

Today, Site A is a fenced-off area within Red Gate Woods. There are signs in the parking lot that warn visitors about the radioactive material on the Site. However, the IDPH has determined that it is safe for people to visit the area as long as they stay on the trails, do not disturb the soil, and, most importantly, DO NOT DIG.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

Schiller Woods Forest Preserve Magic Water Pump on Irving Park Road, Particulars.

The pump is located in Schiller Woods Forest Preserve in Schiller Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. Google Maps: 41°57'08.8"N 87°50'38.6"W 

It was installed in 1945 to serve picnickers, just another of the hundreds of water pumps erected in the forest preserves of Cook County. 

It is a hand-operated pump that draws water from an aquifer. Many local residents believe the water has magical properties, improving health and vigor. Some believe the pump's water extends the life of anyone who drinks from it regularly, leading to the nickname "Chicago's fountain of youth." The pump is the most used of over 300 pumps maintained by the Forest Preserve Department of Cook County, necessitating yearly repairs. The pump handle was briefly removed in 1974 due to impurities but restored in 1975 after the water cleared.

There is no scientific evidence to support the claims that the water from the pump has any magical properties. However, many people swear by the water, and the pump remains a popular destination for people seeking a healthier lifestyle.

People say it has a specific taste and is unlike other waters. And it's not. It's the best water in the world! You've heard it's magic, right? I don't know if it is or if it has the rejuvenating qualities they say. But I don't try other pumps. 

It has been said that the Pope blessed it. "Holy water — that's what they call it." In 1979, Pope John Paul II visited the Northwest Side of Chicago. The Pope's motorcade drove along Nagle and Milwaukee avenues and the Kennedy Expressway and barely slowed down.

Those who swear by the Chicago's fountain of youth pump have said a lot of things: You hear it tastes better than tap water; it keeps colder for longer; it contains holistic qualities; it's good for heart and teeth; it's unfiltered and therefore not chlorinated or fluoridated; the water from this pump will keep you young an unnaturally long time.

There is no scientific evidence to support the claims that the water from this pump has magical properties.

The pump is located at the intersection of Irving Park Road and Cumberland Avenue. It is open from dawn to dusk. There is no fee to use the pump. If you're interested in visiting the pump, it's recommended that you go during the week. Remember to bring your own bottles to fill with water.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.