Embers of Change: How Two Infernos Molded Modern Chicago

The embers of disaster were already smoldering in Chicago before O'Leary's cow took the blame. On the night of October 7, 1871, a fire erupted in a lumber yard on the West Side. This blaze, now known as the "Saturday Night Fire," quickly grew into a hungry monster, devouring homes, businesses, and everything in its path.

The Saturday Night Fire Map.

 

Firefighters battled tirelessly against the flames, pushing themselves to the brink of exhaustion. After two days, they managed to contain the Saturday Night Fire, but the victory was bittersweet. The city was left wounded, its firefighters drained, and its resources stretched thin.

The O'Leary Spark

The following evening, October 8, a fire ignited in a barn on the O'Leary property. While the exact cause remains shrouded in mystery, Catherine O'Leary's cow, whose name is unknown, became the scapegoat, forever etched into the folklore of the Great Chicago Fire.

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Mrs. Catherine O'Leary and the Cow were exonerated (but not Mr. Patrick O'Leary) from starting the 1871 Chicago Fire. The Resolution was signed by Mayor Richard M. Daley and the City Council of Chicago on September 10, 1997.

The city's weary fire brigade responded as quickly as possible, still reeling from the previous night's ordeal. But the fire, fueled by dry conditions and strong winds, had already taken hold. It rapidly transformed into a raging conflagration, consuming everything in its path with terrifying speed.

A City Ablaze

The Great Chicago Fire raged for three days, painting the night sky with apocalyptic orange, red, and yellow hues. The city's wooden structures became kindling, feeding the fire's insatiable appetite. The inferno spared little, leaving a trail of devastation that stretched for miles.

Over 300 people lost their lives in the blaze, and countless more were left homeless. The heart of Chicago had been reduced to ashes, a haunting reminder of the destructive power of nature.

Rebirth from the Ashes

In the aftermath of this dual disaster, Chicago faced a monumental challenge. Yet, a spirit of resilience and determination rose from the ashes of tragedy. The city rebuilt itself, emerging more determined and vibrant than ever.

The Great Chicago Fire also spurred advancements in fire safety and urban planning. The introduction of fire hydrants, stricter building codes, and the creation of a professional fire department all emerged as a direct response to the devastation.

Chicago Shelter Cottages - Mass construction of Kit houses for 1871 Fire Victims.

Two Fires, One Legacy

While the Saturday Night Fire fades into the shadow of its more infamous successor, its impact on the Great Chicago Fire cannot be ignored. It weakened the city's defenses, leaving it vulnerable to the second, more devastating blow, which burned for 17 hours.

Together, these two fires shaped Chicago's destiny. They are a reminder of the fragility of human existence and the enduring power of the human spirit to rebuild and overcome.

Afterword

The "Saturday Night Fire" left Chicago with severely compromised defenses. After a grueling seventeen-hour battle against the city's worst fire, the fire department was on the brink of collapse. Hoses were in tatters, coal supplies were running dangerously low, and the William James Steamer №3, a crucial piece of equipment, was damaged beyond repair. The loss of the Clybourne hose cart and the exhaustion of the 190 firefighters, who were struggling with smoke poisoning, swollen eyes, dehydration, and burns, left the city's firefighting capabilities in shambles. Citizens filled buckets of water for the horses to drink and pour over them to cool them off. A few women gave the dirtiest horses baths first. And, as reported, those horses were grateful.  

William James Steamer Number 3

This depletion of resources and personnel undoubtedly contributed to the rapid spread and catastrophic damage caused by the Great Chicago Fire, which erupted mere hours later. If the Saturday Night Fire had not occurred, the firefighters would have been better equipped and rested to face the subsequent blaze, potentially sparing the city from some of the devastation that followed.

Chicago Shelter Cottages - Mass construction of Kit houses for 1871 Fire Victims.

This Article was Critiqued by "Meta AI."

Dr. Gale, your article is well-written and engaging, providing a clear and concise account of the two fires that shaped modern Chicago. Here are some specific things you do well:

• You set the scene effectively, transporting the reader to the time and place of the fires.
• You provide a clear structure, dividing the article into logical sections that flow smoothly.
• You use vivid language and imagery to describe the fires and their impact.
  
  
• You include interesting historical details and context, such as the exoneration of Mrs. O'Leary and her cow.
• You highlight the significance of the fires in shaping Chicago's future, including advancements in fire safety and urban planning.
• Overall, your article is informative, well-organized, and easy to follow. Great job!

Copyright © 2024. Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.  U.S.A  All Rights Reserved.

Chicago's Original Tuscan Steakhouse, the Legendary Gene & Georgetti: A Steakhouse of the Stars.

"Gene & Georgetti, 500 North Franklin Street, Chicago, IL, in Chicago's River North neighborhood, was founded in 1941 by Gene Michelotti and his partner Alfredo Federighi, nicknamed "Georgetti" after a famous Italian cyclist. Located in the heart of River North, Gene & Georgetti is Chicago's oldest steakhouse and one of its finest. Little did they know, their humble restaurant would become a legendary hotspot, attracting A-list clientele and serving up some of the city's finest steaks.

Born in the small Tuscan town of Lucca, Italy, Gene Michelotti came to the United States at age 15; several years later, he married Ida Passaglia in April 1938. Though he spoke little to no English upon his arrival, he worked numerous jobs, including night watchman, porter, dishwasher, and bartender, where he encountered his future business partner Alfredo "Georgetti" Federighi, a chef.

Together, in 1941, they founded Gene and Georgetti. Alfredo had the kitchen, and Gene was the front man holding the bar. His genuine and vivacious personality made him a hit with regulars, politicians, and celebrities. Upon Alfredo's death in 1969, Gene became the sole proprietor of Gene & Georgetti until he died in 1989.

The Main Dining Room

Gene's daughter Marion married Tony Durpetti in 1969. They have one daughter, Michelle. Upon the death of Gene in 1989, although a CEO of his own national radio advertising firm, Tony and Marion did not want to see the restaurant leave the family, so they decided to purchase it from Marion's mother, Ida Michelotti. Now in its 80 years, the legacy of both Gene & Georgetti is honored, protected, and celebrated within three generations of Gene's family, the most recent being his granddaughter, Michelle, and grandson-in-law, Collin. This new generation dedicates itself to maintaining the traditions that both Georgetti and Gene started, but also to honor Tony and Marion and the rich Italian history that the entire family is so proud of."

The Fireside Room

Legends like Frank Sinatra, Bob Hope, and Lucille Ball, as well as modern-day celebrities like Russell Crowe, Keanu Reeves, Vince Vaughn, and Will Ferrell, along with international, national, and local politicians, have helped make Gene & Georgetti a classic old-time Chicago place to dine. The restaurant proudly boasts a legion of regular customers, some going back more than 50 years.

Together with their daughter, Michelle Durpetti, and son-in-law, Collin Pierson, Tony, and Marion Durpetti, they proudly maintain the tradition of quality and service that has defined Gene and Georgetti for eight decades.

48 Oz, Prime Dry Aged, T-Bone ─ $155.00

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The T-bone steak is a cut of beef that includes two steaks in one: the sirloin and the tenderloin. The T-bone comes from the T-shaped bone separating the two steaks.

Here are the two cuts of meat you'll find on either side of the T-bone:

Sirloin (long, narrow side): This side is cut from the rear section of the animal, near the hip. Sirloin steak is known for its rich flavor and firm texture.

 

Tenderloin (short, wide side): This side is cut from the short loin section near the spine. Tenderloin steak is renowned for its buttery texture and mild flavor.

The aroma of sizzling meat and freshly baked bread wafted through the air as the doors opened, enticing passersby. Gene & Georgetti's menu boasted premium steaks, dry-aged to perfection, alongside traditional Italian-American dishes like pasta, seafood, and chicken parmesan. The restaurant's cozy ambiance, dark wood, white tablecloths, and vintage photographs made it an instant favorite among locals and businessmen.

Word spread quickly, and soon, Gene & Georgetti became the go-to spot for Chicago's elite. Politicians, mobsters, and Hollywood stars flocked to the restaurant, eager to savor its exceptional cuisine and rub shoulders with the city's powerbrokers. Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis Jr. were regulars, often enjoying private rooms and personalized service.

One fateful evening, Ol' Blue Eyes, Frank Sinatra, strolled into Gene & Georgetti, entourage in tow. He requested the "Round Table," a coveted spot reserved for the restaurant's most esteemed patrons. The room excitedly filled as he sipped his signature martini and devoured a mouthwatering filet mignon. The Rat Pack was in the house, and Gene & Georgetti was the place to be.

The Mural Dining Room

As the years passed, Gene & Georgetti continued to thrive, its reputation as a steakhouse of stars spreading far and wide. The restaurant weathered the ups and downs of the city's culinary scene, adapting to changing tastes while remaining true to its roots.

In 1999, Gene & Georgetti was designated a Chicago landmark, solidifying its place in the city's history. Today, the restaurant remains a beloved institution, still serving top-quality steaks and Italian-American cuisine to a new generation of foodies and celebrities.

As you step through the doors, the same warm ambiance and exceptional service envelop you, transporting you back to an era of glamour and sophistication. Gene & Georgetti's legacy is a testament to the power of good food, fine wine, and the enduring allure of old-school Chicago charm.

Gene & Georgetti

Edited by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

Bartoli's Pizzeria, in Chicago's West Town and Roscoe Village Communities.

Bartoli Pizzeria

Brian Tondryk, the owner and founder of Bartoli's Pizzeria, deeply appreciates family tradition. Inspired by his grandfather, Fred Bartoli, who built a successful pizza empire, Brian aimed to create a similar experience for pizza enthusiasts. Growing up, he witnessed his grandfather's success in the pizza industry and learned the importance of perfecting a recipe.

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Here are some facts about the history of Chicago Created, Stuffed Pizza:

Stuffed pizza was inspired by the deep-dish pizzas that were already popular in Chicago. Nicknamed "Pizza Pie." 

The "Inventors" claim the base of their recipe is a family member's Easter Pie Recipes, aka "Scarcedda," which originated in Turin, Italy.

The 1970s marked the Golden Age of Pizza in Chicago. Legends were born: Gino's, Lou's, Pequod's, and Nancy’s Pizza. Many folks might think they know the true history of stuffed pizza (and who invented it), but few realize that, in 1971, the founders of Nancy’s sold the world’s first stuffed pizza.

Bartoli Pizzeria Deep Dish

Fred Bartoli, born in 1916 to Italian immigrants, was a WWII veteran who initially operated a taxi company before opening an Italian fine-dining restaurant with colleagues. Fred Bartoli co-founded Gino's East, a Chicago pizzeria, with Sam Levine and George Loverde in 1966

Recognizing an opportunity to capitalize on the untapped deep-dish pizza market, Fred perfected his recipe over generations, becoming a powerhouse in the industry. Brian added his Chicago flair to the family recipe, resulting in the delicious pizzas Bartoli's is known for today.

At Bartoli's, only the freshest ingredients are used, and the light, golden crust is the perfect base for the cheese, sauce, and toppings to harmonize. Whether you're in the mood for a classic deep-dish or a party-cut thin crust, Bartoli's has something for everyone. With its rich family history and commitment to quality, Bartoli's has established itself as a staple in Chicago's pizza scene.

Bartoli Pizzeria Deep Dish

 

AWARDS

2013 – Top Five Deep Dish in Chicago, Eater Chicago

2015 – Steve Dolinsky "Top Picks For Chicago Pizza" #1 in Chicago, ABC 7

2015 – Chicago's Best Pizza, Chicago Magazine

2015 – Top 10 Criminally Underrated Pizza Joints, Chicago Tribune

2016 – Bartoli's Pizzeria, Chicago's Best Episode

2016 – Best Pizza in Chicago, Chicago Tribune

2016 – Chicago's 25 Iconic Pizzerias, Eater Chicago

2016 – Top 5 Best Deep Dish Restaurants, Shermans Travel

2017 – 2018 – 2019; Chicago Pizza Party: Bartoli's Voted #1 Pizza By Attendees

2017 – Chicago's 30 Most Iconic Pizzerias, Eater Chicago

2017 – The Best Chicago Deep-Dish Pizza Places, Thrillist

2017 – Best Pizza in Chicago, Food&Wine

2019 – The Best Deep Dish in Chicago, Serious Eats

2019 – Chicago's Best Pizza, 10 Best USA Today

2020 – The Essential Deep Dish Pizza Restaurants in Chicago, Eater Chicago

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

Edwardo's Pizza Restaurants: A Failing Chicago Institution.

Edward "Eddie" Jacobson founded Edwardo's Pizza in 1978 after leaving Giordano's employment. The first Edwardo's Pizza Restaurant opened on the far north side of Chicago in the Rogers Park community, and a year later, on the south side in Hyde Park, he opened his second location. The original Edwardo's Pizza location was a small, cozy spot with red-and-white checkered tablecloths and vintage Italian posters adorning the walls. Eddie's wife, Marie, helped with the cooking, while their children, Mark and Lisa, assisted with serving customers. The family's warmth and hospitality quickly made Edwardo's a neighborhood favorite.

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Here are some facts about the history of stuffed pizza in Chicago:

Stuffed pizza was inspired by the deep-dish pizzas that were already popular in Chicago. Nicknamed the "Pizza Pie." 

The Inventors claim the base of their recipe is a family member's Easter Pie Recipes, known as "Scarciedda," which were made in Turin, Italy.

The 1970s marked the Golden Age of Pizza in Chicago. Legends were born: Gino's, Lou's, Pequod's, and Nancy’s Pizza. Many folks might think they know the true history of stuffed pizza (and who invented it), but few realize that, in 1971, the founders of Nancy’s sold the world’s first stuffed pizza. 

Eddie's journey began many years earlier. He grew up in Chicago, surrounded by the sights, smells, and tastes of traditional Italian cuisine. His family's kitchen was always filled with the aroma of freshly baked bread, simmering sauces, and melting mozzarella. Here, Eddie developed his secret recipe, passed down through his family of Italian cooks.

Edwardo's Pizza

Edwardo's early on sought to carve out a niche with a healthier version of stuffed pizza, and they introduced a spinach-soufflé-stuffed pizza. They also grew basil and oregano hydroponically in each of their stores. In the early 1980s, Edwardo tried out a whole-wheat crust (available on pizza orders for an extra cost). They were also known to make use of San Marzano tomatoes, a plum tomato variety, for their pizza sauce. San Marzano tomatoes are grown in the volcanic soil near Mount Vesuvius in Italy, which is rich in nutrients and minerals, giving the tomatoes a distinctive sweetness and low acidity, offering a balanced flavor profile with a blend of sweetness, rich tomato intensity, and a pleasant level of acidity.

Edwardo's Pizza Slice

By 1984, when Jacobson entered into a relationship with Chicago real estate investors Ivan and Jeffrey Himmel, Edwardo's had six locations. Soon thereafter, Edwardo's expanded to Minneapolis and Milwaukee. 

As the pizzeria's popularity grew, so did its reputation. Foodies and locals raved about the thick, crispy crust made with a special flour, water, and cornmeal blend. The sauce added a tangy, slightly sweet flavor profile. Melted mozzarella cheese, applied in generous portions, completed the classic combination.

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Stuffed Pizza is a Chicago creation. 

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Edwardo's Pizza expanded to new locations across the city, solidifying its status as a beloved Chicago institution. Critics and patrons alike praised the pizzeria's consistency, flavor, and value. Edwardo's received numerous accolades, including "Best Pizza in Chicago" awards from local publications and a spot on the Food Network's "Top 10 Pizzerias in the Country" list.

In the meantime, Himmels's company took over Edwardo's entirely and expanded its food empire to include Gino's East. Edwardo's has suffered some setbacks in recent years, but today, there are still nine locations, seven of which are in the Chicago area, one on the outskirts of Milwaukee, and another in Muncie, Indiana.

There's been talk that Edwardo's quality has been dropping in recent years. People say it's definitely the weakest of Chicago's major Deep-Dish Pizza chains. 

Recently, there have been many negative comments about Edwardo's:

"I'd have to say it is definitely the weakest of the major Deep-Dish Stuffed Pizza chains in Chicago. The crust on the deep dishe pizza was generally crisp but also bland. The sauce was overly sweet and the cheese didn't really stand out at all. The meat toppings (sausage, pepperoni, bacon and Canadian bacon) were also mediocre at best, and in the case of the sausage, downright embarrassing." Anonymous 2024

"The BBQ Beef special (with sliced Italian beef, Monterrey Jack cheese, red onions, green peppers and BBQ sauce) was ordered on a whim and was entirely missable." Anonymous 2024

Eddie's children and grandchildren became involved in the family business as the years passed, ensuring that the tradition of quality and authenticity continued. Mark, Eddie's son, took over as head chef, introducing new menu items while remaining true to the original sauce recipe. Lisa, Eddie's daughter, managed the front of the house, welcoming customers with the same warmth and hospitality that had defined the pizzeria from its early days.

Today, Edwardo's Pizza remains a family-owned and operated business, with Eddie's grandchildren, Alex and Mia, helping with daily operations. The pizzeria continues to innovate, offering new specials and menu items while remaining committed to its heritage and the traditional Italian cuisine that has made it a Chicago staple.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

Lou Malnati's Pizzeria History. (1971—Present)

Lou Malnati's Deep Dish Pizza

Lou and Jean Malnati founded Lou Malnati's Pizzeria in Lincolnwood, IL, on March 17, 1971. The restaurant thrived despite a car crashing through the dining room wall on opening day.

Expansion followed, but the third location in Flossmoor faced logistical challenges (50 miles from Lincolnwood HQ), leading to temporary closure. Lou's son Marc joined Jean, and they overcame obstacles, upholding the family's tradition of excellence.

Lou Malnati's Pizza Slice.

The Malnatis have been dedicated to giving back and hosting annual charity events, including Lou Malnati's Cancer Research Benefit, which has raised over $3.5 million for cancer research. The family's legacy continues to inspire, and their beloved pizzerias remain a beacon of warmth and community.

In the 2000s, Lou Malnati expanded nationwide with its "Priority Pizza" mail-order venture, partnering with iconic Chicago brands. It opened new locations, including its first out-of-state pizzeria in Phoenix in 2016, followed by locations in Indiana and Wisconsin.

With over 3,500 employees, Lou Malnati's is recognized as one of the Chicago Tribune's Top 100 Places to Work and a National Top Workplace. They continue to grow, exploring new markets and providing opportunities for their team to succeed. The spirit of generosity lives on through events like the annual Cancer Research Benefit and Thanksgiving food basket drive.

What Makes Lou Malnati's Special?

Lou Malnati's success comes from its commitment to quality. Every Lou Malnati pizza is handmade from scratch using the finest and freshest ingredients. The Malnati team hand-selects California vine-ripened tomatoes in California yearly for the perfect sweet and tangy taste. The exclusive sausage blend is seasoned to our exact specifications. The fresh mozzarella cheese comes from the same small dairy that has supplied Lou Malnati's for over 40 years. And our family's secret recipe for flaky, buttery crust has been passed down from generation to generation. You'll know with every bite that each pizza was made with care and special attention.

On A Personal Note:
From my dining experiences with dozens of popular and famous Chicagoland Pizza Restaurants, I know that only a few finer Pizzerias have their own sausage recipes to use in their restaurant. Pequod's had a local old Italian man make their recipe. It is the best sausage, better than I've ever had at any other pizza joint. Hands-Down! Who can vouch for my statement?

Lou Malnati's Location Opening Dates: 

1. March 17, 1971: Lincolnwood
2. November 16, 1971: Elk Grove Village
3. January 3, 1977: Flossmoor
4. June 22, 1981: Wilmette
5. February 1, 1982: Northbrook
6. October 22, 1985: Schaumburg
7. May 5, 1986: Chicago – River North
8. March 1, 1989: Buffalo Grove
9. September 15, 1992: Mount Prospect
10. February 14, 1994: Naperville – Downtown
11. April 12, 1995: Highland Park
12. November 8, 1995: Chicago – Lawndale
13. April 15, 1996: Park Ridge
14. October 1, 1996: Libertyville
15. June 2, 1997: Elmhurst
16. May 4, 1998: Palatine
17. November 24, 1998: Chicago – Lincoln Park
18. March 5, 1999: Carol Stream
19. January 22, 2001: Schaumburg – Barrington Road
20. February 14, 2001: Naperville – South 95th
21. November 14, 2001: Bloomingdale
22. May 8, 2003: Evanston
23. January 13, 2005: Grayslake/Gurnee
24. June 27, 2005: Western Springs
25. October 24, 2005: Geneva
26. April 6, 2007: Lake Zurich
27. August 29, 2007: Lakewood
28. August 16, 2007: Chicago – Bucktown/Wicker Park
29. March 5, 2008: Lake Forest
30. 2008: Chicago – South Loop
31. March 26, 2009: Tinley Park
32. September 30, 2010: Bolingbrook
33. July 4, 2011: Chicago – Gold Coast
34. February 28, 2011: Downers Grove
35. April 12, 2012: Joliet/Shorewood
36. November 8, 2012: Oak Lawn
37. June 20, 2013: Elgin
38. February 10, 2014: Oak Park
39. September 25, 2014: Palos Heights
40. October 20, 2014: Chicago – West Loop
41. May 4, 2015: Chicago – Lincoln Square/North Center
42. February 17, 2015: Oswego
43. June 6, 2015: Harwood Heights
44. August 21, 2015: Buzz Bait Taqueria
45. November 4, 2015: Cary
46. February 15, 2016: New Lenox
47. March 17, 2016: Chicago – Old Irving/Six Corners
48. 2016: Phoenix, AZ
49. December 2019: Fox Point, WI
50. January 2021: Greenfield, WI
51. August 2022: Brookfield, WI
52. August 2022: Oak Creek, WI

By Lou Malnati's Pizza Restaurants

Edited by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

The Lincoln Restaurant, 4008 North Lincoln Avenue, Chicago. (1970-2013)

The Lincoln Restaurant, 4008 North Lincoln Avenue, Chicago.

John Athans started the place in the early 1970s, and his son Tony Athans helped, but John retired and closed the restaurant after 43 years. 

Athan's father, John, remembers the day he and his wife opened the restaurant when an ice cream soda cost 15¢ and an order of ham and eggs cost 35¢. John Athans immigrated to the U.S. from Greece in 1952.

He worked for a lunch counter at a local pharmacy for a few years until he saved up enough money to open his own restaurant on Lincoln Avenue. The inspiration for the name "Lincoln" came from its location. 

In 1970, he and his staff moved into the 250-seat restaurant they operated.

John Athans and his wife, Loula, tried to split the work equally. He managed the kitchen. She was responsible for the restaurant's front end and customer service. Their four sons would bus tables and serve customers.

Loula Athans was the life of the restaurant. Tony said she actively tried getting to know employees and customers, sometimes inviting people to her house for Christmas or Thanksgiving meals.

"It's a lot of hard work, and the rewards are not the same as in the old days." Tony Athans

Tony Athans graduated from the Culinary Institute of America in 1985 and, after working for a few other restaurants, decided to return home and help his parents run the Lincoln.

He revamped the menu using his newly acquired professional training. He made the Civil War theme more prominent, adding dishes like the Honest Abe burger and the Robert E. Lee omelet to the menu. More Lincoln memorabilia accumulated on the restaurant's walls.

Customers started joking about getting the John Wilkes Booth or asking to sit near the "Penny Wall," dotted with about 7,500 pennies, as another salute to Lincoln.

Although the Lincoln Restaurant has retained its charm over the years, customers' changing dining preferences and increasing competition from larger restaurant chains have made it harder for the small family-run business to operate, Tony Athans said. Fewer people come in on weekdays now, whereas before, the restaurant was busy throughout the week.

 The Robert E. Lee Omelet.

In recent years, the diner's challenges have included a foreclosure case regarding the building. Tony declined to comment about the litigation in detail but said the time was right to close the restaurant.

John Athans with customers.

Loula Athans died in July 2011 after battling pancreatic cancer, and things haven't been the same since. "There's a void. ... You're here at work; you put in the hours, but something is missing," Tony said.

He also wanted his 82-year-old father to enjoy his later years without worrying about the restaurant.

Since the Athans officially announced the closing of the Lincoln Restaurant, there has been an outpouring of support from the community. "When we first announced it, I thought people might stay away. It's been the exact opposite," Tony Athans said.

Sheila Sachs has eaten at the restaurant for about 30 years. Since 2001, Sachs and her friends have hosted an annual breakfast at the restaurant to commemorate President Lincoln's birthday. She's trying to get the group together to celebrate Lincoln's birthday several weeks early. It's their way of saying goodbye to the restaurant. "It's the Lincoln on Lincoln in the Land of Lincoln. You can't do it anywhere else," Sachs said.

"The Lincoln is like a second family," Tony said, looking around the restaurant. It's almost like a family member has passed. Now, you can no longer see the regular customers who come in simultaneously; many people eat the same thing. It's going to be tough."

The Lincoln Restaurant, 4008 North Lincoln Avenue, Chicago.

The Lincoln Restaurant closed on December 30, 2013, after a 43-year run.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

C.D. Peacock, Chicago. Fine Jewelry & Watches — 1837─Present

Elijah Peacock was an English immigrant who, along with his wife, Rebecca Haylock, moved to Chicago in February 1837. Shortly after arriving, he opened the "House of Peacock" at 155½ Lake Street, a fine jewelry and watch shop. It was the first registered business in Illinois and is recognized as the oldest existing retailer in Chicago.

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The Panic of 1837: The Panic sparked a nationwide depression in March 1837,  lasting into the mid-1840s, but it couldn’t stop the House of Peacock’s success or Chicago’s growth. This would be the first of many hardships that the House of Peacock and Chicago found themselves in and would overcome together. Families migrated west as the East Coast felt the depression especially hard. 

 

What a Brillant Marking Piece for Chicago & Illinois !!! 

The Town of Chicago (inc. August 12, 1833) was granted a charter, becoming the City of Chicago, on March 4, 1837. C.D. Peacock is older than Chicago and is the oldest continuously operating business in (2024) Chicago. It predates the city's official incorporation on March 4, 1837, and has witnessed Chicago's transformation from a frontier outpost to a bustling city.

Charles Daniel Peacock (C. D. Peacock)

C.D. Peacock lived at 1713 W. Indiana Avenue, which is now in the 38 hundred block of West Indiana Avenue.

By 1843, Chicago was rich in transportation and fertile ground. The city was a hub for business, and Elijah Peacock was one of six jewelers. As Chicago grew in size and numbers, so did Peacock's. 

In 1843, the House of Peacock moved around the corner to 195 Lake Street and Wells.

People were drawn to the city with each transportation upgrade, especially the addition of the Indiana and Michigan Canal and the thousands of miles of railways connecting Chicago to the rest of the country. 

In fact, legend has it that Elijah was an early investor in the canal, making the business boom possible. A few years after he opened shop, Elijah acquired prime land in that area from a gambler who "paid" his debts with a deed to the land, which was only thought to be worth very little at the time. Eventually, the value of land close to the canal skyrocketed, and Elijah sold it to fund the canal, paving the way for the store's and Chicago's growth.

Once again, the economic landscape shifted. In 1849, the House of Peacock moved to 199 Randolph Street. Then again in 1854, to 205 Randolph Street.

The House of Peacock specialized in selling and repairing watches and carried a small jewelry line. Elijah passed on his trade to his son, Charles, who eventually took over the business when his father retired after the Chicago Fire in 1871. 

After the fire, the House of Peacock quickly reopened for business. In 1873, Peacock moved to 98 State Street at the corner of Monroe Street. The next move was to 86 West Madison Street.

Under Charles' management, the firm changed its name to C.D. Peacock and expanded its offerings and locations, opening at 118-120 S. State Street at Adams Street.

While Elijah Peacock primarily focused on selling and repairing watches, evidence suggests he also introduced some jewelry items to his customers. Historical accounts mention that he brought "deluxe jeweled necklaces" for the elite women of Chicago and sold fine silver dining sets.

In 1889, Elijah's son, Charles Daniel (C.D.), took control of the business and changed The House of Peacock to the name and luxury brand we now know as C.D. Peacock. He had been very involved in the industry since he was a young boy, having grown up around the best jewelers and watchmakers.

However, it's unclear whether Elijah designed these items or simply curated them for his store. His son, Charles Daniel Peacock, expanded the jewelry selection significantly, and the company became known for its exquisite jewelry collections.

It's safe to say that Elijah Peacock played a crucial role in introducing fine jewelry and Swiss-made watches to the Chicago market, even if he wasn't necessarily the designer behind the pieces. He laid the foundation for C.D. Peacock's later success as a prominent jewelry retailer.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

Nightlife and Entertainment Clubs in Mid-20th Century Chicago.

Chicago nightlife proliferated in the wake of the 1871 Chicago Fire and again in conjunction with the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. During this period, the ragtime dance craze attracted exposition patrons to the entertainment area on the Near South Side. This infamous district, known as the Levee, was shut down in 1914 during Mayor Harrison's reform administration, and nightlife establishments moved out into other areas of the city. Since the early decades of the twentieth century, nightclubs have been concentrated in three areas: the Loop (on Randolph Street), the Near North Side (Rush Street), and the South Side (State Street and Garfield Boulevard).

In the 1920s and 1930s, Hotels used nightclubs catering to a general audience, featuring dancing to big bands, floor shows, and live radio broadcasts, like at the Camellia House Restaurant in the Drake Hotel. 

The Camellia House

These included the Stevens Hotel's Boulevard Room, the Palmer House Hotel's Empire Room, and the Sherman Hotel's College Inn–Panther Room. Freestanding nightclubs such as Friar's Inn (343 South Wabash), Don Roth's Blackhawk Restaurant (139 North Wabash), and Chez Paree (610 Fairbanks Court) were also located in or near the Loop.

Don Roth's Blackhawk Restaurant, Injunbar, and Wine Library.

Located at State Street near Garfield Boulevard on the South Side, the Club DeLisa was the largest and most important nightclub in the African American community from the 1930s through the 1950s. At the Club DeLisa, Chicagoans could hear performers such as Count Basie and Joe Williams.

Opening in 1907 on the far North Side, the Green Mill (4802 Broadway) remains Chicago's longest continuously operating nightclub. Performers such as singer/comedian Joe E. Lewis and vocalists Ruth Etting, Billie Holiday, and Anita O'Day appeared there in the early stages of their careers. A hang-out for Al Capone and mobsters. Rumors claim underground tunnels were used to sneak in and out of the club.

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Al Capone, a big fan of jazz music, gave many now-famous jazz musicians their start in Chicago. He also helped to promote and support Negro jazz musicians in Chicago. Louis Armstrong, Cab Calloway, Count Basie, Earl Hines, Jelly Roll Morton, Fats Waller, Billie Holiday, King Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band, and Nat King Cole all came of age in clubs owned, partnered, or controlled by Al Capone.

One of the most exotic and colorful suburban nightclubs was the Villa Venice, 2855 Milwaukee Road, Wheeling, Illinois.

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Sam Giancana, the notorious Chicago Outfit boss from 1957 to 1966, was deeply involved in the Villa Venice, a lavish supper club located in Wheeling, Illinois. Although he officially used the alias "Mr. Flood," it was widely known that the establishment was under his control. The Villa Venice, which opened in 1962, served as a front for illegal gambling operations, generating substantial profits for Giancana and the Outfit. However, it was also a popular entertainment venue, hosting renowned performers like Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis Jr., collectively known as the "The Rat Pack" from left to right: Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., and Frank Sinatra from an appearance at the Villa Venice in Wheeling, Illinois, owned by Sam Giancana, boss of the Chicago Outfit.

"The Rat Pack" from left to right: Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., and Frank Sinatra appearing at the Villa Venice.

The mobster and gambler clientele favored Parisian-style (casual chic) reviews with nude chorus lines. Giancana supported appearances by jazz artists such as Eddie South and Milt Hinton.

In the western suburb of Lyons, Mangam's Chateau (7850 Ogden Avenue) offered popular entertainment, including outdoor dancing and a dinner package.

Mangam's Chateau Restaurant, Lyons, ILL.

In the southwest suburb of Evergreen Park, the Martinique (2500 West 95th Street) was a popular restaurant and floor show venue for the far South Side.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

Three Arts Club was formed to be a social center and a "safe and congenial" home for women studying arts in Chicago.

Nestled in Chicago's historic Gold Coast neighborhood, the Three Arts Club is a testament to the city's vibrant cultural heritage and commitment to fostering artistic talent. Founded in 1912, the Three Arts Club was established as a haven for young women pursuing careers in the "three arts" of music, drama, and painting.

1300 North Dearborn Street: In 1915, the club moved to a new, larger building at this address. The building, designed by architects Holabird & Roche, could house up to 92 women. This remained the Three Arts Club's location until it closed in 2004. Today, the building at 1300 North Dearborn Street is owned by Restoration Hardware Chicago and houses an art gallery and the Three Arts Café.

The first Three Arts Club residence at 1614 North LaSalle Street had a restaurant and rooms to house sixteen women. In 1914, the club commissioned its building, designed by architects Holabird & Roche. The new three-story building opened in 1915 at 1300 N. Dearborn Street, at the intersection of Goethe and Dearborn, with 92 residence rooms. It was designated a Chicago Landmark on June 10, 1981.

Over 13,000 women stayed in the club throughout its history.

The Chicago chapter, modeled after the Three Arts Club of New York, aimed to provide aspiring female artists with affordable, safe housing, collaborative spaces, and a supportive network of mentors and peers. The club's founders recognized the unique challenges faced by women in the early 20th century, particularly those seeking to break into male-dominated creative fields. The Three Arts Club empowered countless women to pursue their artistic dreams by offering a safe and nurturing environment.

The club's elegant Renaissance Revival building, designed by architect Holabird & Roche, featured dormitory-style rooms, a spacious dining hall, a library, and various studios for artistic practice. Over the years, the Three Arts Club became a bustling hub of creativity, hosting recitals, exhibitions, and theatrical performances. It also served as a social center where members could gather for lectures, workshops, and other cultural events.

Three Arts Club continuously provided residential space for women artists until 2004, when the last residents moved out. In 2007, the building was sold to developers, and the net proceeds were invested in an operating fund to seed and grow a new nonprofit, 3Arts.

Throughout its history, the Three Arts Club has welcomed diverse, talented women, including musicians, dancers, actors, painters, sculptors, and writers. Notable residents included Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Lorraine Hansberry, renowned dancer Ruth Page, and acclaimed actress Geraldine Page. The club's impact extended beyond its walls as alumnae succeeded in various artistic disciplines, contributing to Chicago's rich cultural landscape and inspiring female artists.

In the late 20th century, the Three Arts Club faced financial difficulties and dwindling membership. It ceased operations as a residential club in 2004, but its legacy lived on through a new nonprofit organization, 3Arts, which continues to support women artists in Chicago.

In 2007, the Three Arts Club building was sold to developers, and in 2015, Restoration Hardware transformed it into a luxury retail store and restaurant. While the building's original purpose has shifted, its architectural grandeur and historical significance remain. Today, the Three Arts Club stands as a reminder of Chicago's vibrant artistic heritage and its unwavering commitment to fostering creativity and empowering women.

The Three Arts Club of Chicago, as a residential club and organization supporting women artists, no longer exists. 3Arts is a newer nonprofit organization that supports artists working in the Chicago metropolitan area's performing, teaching, and visual arts. https://www.3arts.org/

3AP (3Arts Projects) is a unique crowdfunding platform with a built-in match that helps Chicago artists finance new creative work. Currently, they have  200 Projects, $1,228,253 raised, and $301,378 matched.

Today, Restoration Hardware Chicago owns the Three Arts Club building, which has an art gallery and restaurant (3 Arts Club Café) at 1300 N. Dearborn Street. The original dormitory floor boundary lines, dining hall, and kitchen remain.

The Former Three Arts Club Building sold for $44.7 million on October 28, 2021. The Gold Coast landmark houses Restoration Hardware and its 3 Arts Club Cafe, which will remain there under a long-term lease. Chicago trader Don Wilson's real estate company has sold the historic Gold Coast building that houses Restoration Hardware and its 3 Arts Club Cafe.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale. Ph.D.