Electric Streetcars, Trolley Buses, and the move to gas-powered buses in Chicago.

An electric streetcar is tied to tracks drawing power from a pair of wires strung over the street. A trolley bus, also an electric vehicle but run on rubber tires, making it more maneuverable. Still, the buses have to keep its trolley poles in contact with those overhead wires for power.

All the big cities in the U.S. once had electric streetcar systems. When it was time to modernize, many of those transit companies bought trolley bus, after all, they already had a heavy investment in electric generating plants. The early gasoline-fueled buses were small and unreliable.

In 1930 the first Chicago trolley buses began running on Diversey Avenue. Other lines followed. Many of them were extensions of existing streetcar routes. Laying of track for through-routing of streetcars was supposed to come later.

That never happened. The Depression came, then World War II. 

In 1947 a new government agency, the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA), bought the Chicago Surface Lines and the ‘L’ and were consolidated as the CTA. The CTA planned to replace streetcars with buses.

At first the CTA converted some of the streetcar lines to trolley buses. The electric bus fleet grew to over 700 vehicles, running on 16 routes. 

The Chicago and Westown changeover from streetcars to buses on Lake Street in Oak Park in April of 1948.

The last Chicago streetcar click-clacked down Vincennes Avenue on June 21, 1958. There are still lasting vestiges of the streetcar system in Chicago. Many of today’s CTA bus routes and route numbers are the same as they were in the days of streetcars. And as for the tracks – a few of the streets had the tracks pulled up, but most were covered with asphalt and are still in the streets under pavement along with the "Chicago Street Paver Bricks." 

Once the streetcars were gone, clinging to electric buses seemed to make little sense. Oil was cheap. The new diesel buses cost less to operate than trolley buses. The Blizzard of 1967 decided the matter. Tied to the wires for power, trolleybuses couldn’t get around all the stalled cars.

The CTA began a determined program to replace all-electric buses with diesel vehicles. The conversion took six years. The final three trolley bus lines, Cicero, Pulaski, and North Avenue, went diesel after March 24, 1973. There was no fanfare. When their last runs were over, the trolley buses simply pulled into the North-Cicero barn, and that was it.

The Last CTA Trolley Bus at Irving Park Road and Pulaski, Saturday, March 24, 1973.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

Authentic Bookbinder's Soup Recipe from Master Chef Marshall at Chicago's Drake Hotel.

The name "Bookbinder" comes from Samuel Bookbinder, a Jewish immigrant from the Netherlands who opened the "Old Original Bookbinder Restaurant" in 1893 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The original soup is a variety of turtle soup made with typical stew vegetables such as tomatoes, carrots, celery, bell peppers, onions, leeks, mushrooms, and garlic. It is made with common snapping turtle meat. 

The soup spread to other places, such as the Drake Hotel in Chicago, where the turtle meat was replaced with red snapper. It's been said that red snapper was the substitute for snapping turtle meat because of the similar-sounding name. But it was actually chosen because of the similarity of red snapper's rich taste and texture to the snapping turtle meat. Its name became Bookbinder's Snapper Soup.

Bookbinder's Restaurant in Philadelphia closed its doors in March 2009.

Many had said that the Drake Hotel's Bookbinder soup was more delectable than that served at the famous Bookbinder's Restaurant in Philadelphia. But it was the same recipe. Master Chef Marshall Jr. of the Drake Hotel's Cape Cod Room and Camellia House Restaurants said:

"I tried unsuccessfully to wangle the recipe from the owner of Bookbinders. I got it, tho, by taking the chef out for a drink!" 

Bookbinder's soup was a staple at the Drake Hotel's Cape Cod Room, which closed for good on December 31, 2016. Following is the recipe as provided by the Master Chef of the Drake Hotel:

BOOKBINDER'S SNAPPING TURTLE OR RED SNAPPER SOUP RECIPE

Following are two sets of ingredients with respective preparations. 

sidebar

The directions were written down verbatim. Makes 15 cups or about 8 average bowls.

This photo was taken at the Cape Cod Room

INGREDIENTS, PART 1.

• 1 cup celery
• 1 cup carrots
• 1/4 cup red peppers
• 1/4 cup green peppers
• 1 1/2 cups onions
• 1 garlic clove
• 3 quarts strong vegetable stock
• 2 tablespoons olive oil
• 1 cup tomato puree
• 1/4 cup tomato paste
• 1 tablespoon chicken base
• 1/2 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce
• 1/2 cup dry white wine
• 1 1/2 cups dry Sherry
• 2 bay leaves
• 1/2 tablespoon crushed black pepper
• 1/2 tablespoon fresh cilantro
• 1 stalk rosemary
• 4 drops caramel color
• 3/4 cup flour & 3/4 cup OR 1 1/2 sticks of butter for a roux

PREPARATION PART 1:

• Dice vegetables and saute in olive oil over moderate heat.
• Add tomato puree, tomato paste, and liquids and simmer over moderate heat.
• Add seasonings.
• Create a roux with flour and butter.
• Add caramel color, garlic, and salt.
• Mix with the vegetables/broth and cook for 2 hours in a big stockpot.
• Strain through a medium 1/6-inch China Cap or a medium strainer.

  

  China Cap

INGREDIENTS PART 2:

• 1 1/2 cups diced white onion
• 1 1/2 cups diced celery
• 1 lb. Snapping Turtle meat or Red Snapper fillets

PREPARATION PART 2:

• Steam or cook items separately.
• Coarsely chopped snapper turtle meat, or flake up red snapper after it has been cooked and add to stock.
• Adjust seasoning

Serve with a shot of fine dry Sherry per bowl or a cruet of Sherry on the side for cups of soup.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

The Slow Death of Chicago's Edgewater Hospital and the Scandals that Caused its Closing.

Edgewater Hospital founder, Doctor Maurice Mazel, was a resident of the Edgewater Beach Apartments, in 1929 when the hospital was started. The funds came from Edgewater developer John Lewis Cochran’s Real Estate firm at the outset of the Great Depression. 

Doctor Maurice Mazel

Dr. Mazel personally oversaw hospital operations until he died in 1980. During his tenure, notable births included former US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and serial killer, John Wayne Gacy. Mazel's wife, Circus Hall of Fame performer Harriet Mazel-Szanto, functioned as chairman and CEO from 1980 to 1984. She later shed the CEO title but remained on as chairman until 1988. After her passing, the hospital sought new ownership under the Mazel family.

Edgewater Hospital as it appeared in the 50-60s.

Medical staff is ethically obligated to provide the best possible quality of care for patients, no matter the affliction. For some executives and doctors at Chicago’s Edgewater Medical Center, personal profits came before those ethical standards. The unnecessary suffering and premature deaths they caused resulted in the shuttering of a historic Chicago neighborhood hospital. It was shut down abruptly after years of controversy involving Medicare fraud, mismanagement, and bankruptcy.

Edgewater Hospital's vintage patient rooms.

TVs were added to patient rooms in the 1950s.

Businessman Peter Rogan acquired Edgewater Medical Center in 1989 for $1 million cash and assumed its $10 million in liabilities through the Edgewater Operating Company (EOC) he created. In 1994 Rogan sold EOC and real estate to the Edgewater Property Company (EPC), which he also controlled. In the deal, Edgewater Medical Center paid an exorbitant monthly rent of $79,500 to EPC. At the helm of both entities, Rogan funneled profits directly into his own pockets.

Corruption rooted itself deep into Edgewater’s staff. Rogan orchestrated a complex system of kickbacks for doctors and staff complicit with committing fraud against Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance companies. Vice president Roger Ehmen and medical director Dr. Ravi Barnabas were able to turn the nearly bankrupt hospital into a lucrative profit center. The pair tapped Dr. Sheshiqiri Rao Vavilikolanu and Dr. Kumar Kaliana to recruit potential patients. For years the doctors sent hospital employees into the Chicago community to find potential patients. It did not matter if they did not have heart conditions, were drug addicts, unable to speak English, or had no health insurance coverage. Recruiters instructed the potential patients on how to feign symptoms to mandate services rendered by Edgewater Medical Center. In return, the patients were offered money, food, cigarettes, and other amenities for their cooperation.

Edgewater Hospital's Hollywood Building rooftop solarium 1949.

Rooftop deck accessible through the solarium on the Hollywood Building.

Another complicit Edgewater physician participated in the massive fraud scheme. Dr. Andrew Cubbria tapped into the recruited patient pool for unnecessary angiogram and angioplasty operations. Albert Okaro, 42, underwent an invasive and unnecessary cardiac surgery that ultimately killed him. The patient’s death was regarded as collateral damage for Dr. Cubria. Tax-payer-funded healthcare programs and private insurers reimbursed the hospital for more than 750 invasive, and expensive, cardiac surgeries performed by Dr. Cubria alone.

One Edgewater physician, Dr. Krishnaswami Sriram, a cardiologist, billed the government for seemingly impossible human feats. According to Dr. Sriram’s billing records on November 12, 1997, he saw 187 patients… all of whom coincidently had congestive heart failure. In January 1999 a severe snowstorm brought Chicago to a standstill. Despite the hazardous weather conditions, Dr. Sriram was apparently able to visit 31 elderly patients at their homes and 18 more in medical facilities. Thirty-two of Dr. Sriram’s patients also managed to incur new medical costs long after their deaths. On paper, it appeared as though Dr. Sriram was indefatigable. His records indicate that he met with patients every single day in 1997 and 1998 while missing only two days of work in 1999.

Dr. Sriram’s apparent superhuman ability to visit patients did not go by unnoticed. Some of the elderly patients he targeted began to grow suspicious after noticing over-inflated billings on Explanation of Benefits forms. At least 15 patients contacted the Wisconsin Physicians Service, which handles claims in the Illinois area. Wisconsin Physicians Service alerted the FBI and they immediately began an investigation.

Things began to unravel in 1999 when the hospital paid out over $1 million to stave off an impending federal lawsuit over Medicare billing irregularities. The ambitious Dr. Sriram was taken into custody in 2000. Feds exposed the rest of the fraud operation in 2001.

Edgewater Hospital flooded Nurses’ station.

The upheaval brought on by the charges cut the hospital’s day-to-day operations off at the knees. In November 2001 the US government, which accounted for 90% of Edgewater Medical Center's income, ceased Medicare payments indefinitely. Unable to find a suitable financier the hospital shut down in December 2001. The remaining 450 staff were suddenly out of a job or had to transfer to other area healthcare facilities. In addition to the displaced staff, 52 patients were transferred to other facilities for ongoing care.

Peter Rogan, former Chief Executive Officer of Edgewater Medical Center in Chicago.

In a 2006 trial, U.S. District Judge John Darrah in Chicago found Peter Rogan had lied on the stand and destroyed documents to obstruct justice and entered a $64.2 million judgment against him. There was also a whopping $188 million more in civil judgments against him. Rogan fled to Canada in the fall of 2006 when FBI agents searched his abandoned business offices in northwest Indiana. Among the discarded furniture and empty folders, agents found something astonishing: An invoice to Rogan from a company he hired to destroy 47 boxes of financial records. In addition to the federal charges, French Bank "Dexia Credit Local" was working with the Justice Department to recover assets scattered throughout various bank accounts and front companies in the Caribbean. One of the trusts found was set up in the Bahamas and was entitled the "Peter Rogan Irrevocable Trust." Rogan insisted that he maintained no control whatsoever over the assets and could not access it. In October of 2015, Rogan, 69, was sentenced to 21 months in prison for lying in his 2006 sworn affidavit that he had no control over a multimillion-dollar trust account in the Bahamas when he was actually using the money to support his lavish lifestyle. Rogan had been renting a $5,000-a-month penthouse condominium in Vancouver. He had engaged the government and others he owed money in a yearslong, expensive game of "catch me if you can," shredding a total of 67 boxes of documents and lying about his assets as authorities tried to trace accounts all over the world. The sentencing marked the end of nearly seven years of criminal proceedings against Rogan.

Senior vice president Roger Ehmen and Dr. Ravi T. Barnabas were convicted for their roles in the fraud operation. Ehmen received 6½ years of prison time and was ordered to pay $5 million in restitution. Ehmen was quoted at sentencing saying; ”Words alone cannot describe the deep sorrow and regret I have. I will have to live with this guilt for the rest of my life.” Medical director Dr. Barnabas was sentenced to 4 years and 4 months prison time and ordered to pay $1.1 million in restitution. Dr. Barnabas’s physician license is still active in Illinois and expires on July 31, 2023.

Dr. Sheshiqiri Rao Vavilikolanu confessed that he unnecessarily admitted over 900 patients. He was sentenced to 3 years and 11 months of prison time and ordered to repay $6 million to Medicare and Medicaid. Dr. Vavilikolanu’s license not active anywhere nationwide. Dr. Kumar M. Kaliana admitted to mail and healthcare fraud. He received a 1 year and 4 months sentence and forced to return $156,000, along with $1.1 million in restitution. Dr. Kaliana’s physician license has not been renewed since September 30, 2020.

The courts came down most heavily upon Dr. Andrew Cubria. In addition to Albert Okaro’s untimely death in 2000, the feds discovered that at least one more unnecessary cardiac operation resulted in the death of another patient in 1999. Dr. Cubria was sentenced to 12½ years in prison for his wrongdoing. He was also ordered to return $2 million of his profits and pay $14.4 million in restitution. His physician license was suspended thereafter.

The man whose superhuman feats caught the eyes of the FBI was also brought to justice. A teary-eyed Dr. Sriram cried as he apologized for what he called "my foolishness." He pleads guilty to mail fraud, healthcare, and tax fraud. He faces up to 18 years in prison, but he has been appealing that ruling. As part of his plea, the doctor has agreed not to practice medicine. 

Sriram had faced as much as 18 years in prison if U.S. District Judge John Darrah had found that the losses from the fraud totaled the government's original claim of $15 million. A federal judge spared the doctor prison and sentenced him Thursday, April 28 2005 to 5 years of probation for Medicare fraud. Federal prosecutors had originally contended that the fraud scheme by Dr. Krishnaswami Sriram exceeded $15 million in losses, but Judge Darrah concluded the loss came to just $1,258. Dr. Sriram's physician license is active but on probation until July 31, 2023.

After a decade of abandonment, Edgewater residents are aiming to rid themselves of the abandoned hospital. According to The New York Times, the property is in the hands of the Edgewater Medical Center Bankruptcy Estate, which is comprised of 250 creditors who are still owed more than $110 million. Of the creditors, French Bank Dexia is owed over $55 million. Unable to recoup their costs creditors would like to see the hospital razed in favor of business development. Edgewater community members would rather have the real estate transformed into parkland. According to an official city-authorized assessment the hospital is valued at $5.9 million. The cost to demolish the hospital is estimated to be $6.5 million alone.

One of the intensive care units in the abandoned hospital.

What will happen to that hollowed-out shell that was once Edgewater Medical Center? What sets this building apart from other failed urbex locations is that it was created by criminal acts over an extended period of time. Even though the hospital was dated, they were still operating in a capacity that for the most part benefitted patients. By the time the FBI discovered the corruption it had already metastasized and killed the Edgewater Medical Center.

Like most hospitals with chronologically staggered additions, it is a winding labyrinth. Some of the floors look practically identical and it is easy to lose one's bearings. Yet each section of the hospital was still unique in its own way. 

Biohazard containers, alcohol swabs, diabetic supplies, and other pharmaceutical supplies were littered throughout some of the rooms. Medical records, tissue samples, autopsy records, and medical images were found in one of the labs. 

Patient records stacked on the floor almost reach the ceiling.

Tissue sample slides.

An x-ray photo of the human heart with arteries highlighted.

Heavy equipment such as a hyperbaric chamber and x-ray machines were tucked away behind closed doors. Above the Kadin Memorial Nurses’ Residence was a filthy empty pool under a skylight. Vintage furniture from the 1970s occupied some of the rooms even though eviction notices from 2002 were found on the floor.

Abandoned Hyperbaric Chamber.

A massive x-ray machine still residing within the hospital.

One of the laboratories with numerous patient records and equipment. Note the orange, avocado green, and harvest gold (not seen in this picture) colors popular in the 1970s.

Vintage furniture still occupied some of the nurses’ apartments.

The administration building was, perhaps poetically, completely devoid of mementos of life. It is quite unsettling to see a once intentionally sterile hospital environment ravaged by the uninhibited destructive elements of nature.

Edgewater Hospital view from Ashland and Hollywood, 2014.

Edgewater Medical Center Demolition.

Edgewater Medical Center Campus.

The story of the Edgewater Medical Center foreshadowed many of the problems that plague the American healthcare industry today. Profit-focused healthcare endangered the lives of those who could not or were unable to protect themselves. Patients at Edgewater Medical Center were exploited by the greed of administrators and doctors to the tune of millions of dollars. The system failed thus taking vital healthcare services away from one Chicago community.

Rendering of the Anderson Point Apartments.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.