Allan Pinkerton (Pinkerton's National Detective Agency), Chicago, Illinois.

Allan Pinkerton (1819-84), founder of Pinkerton's National Detective Agency, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on August 25, 1819. Pinkerton emigrated to the United States in 1842 and eventually established a barrel-making shop in a small town outside of Chicago. He was an ardent abolitionist, and his shop functioned as a "station" for escaped slaves traveling the Underground Railroad to freedom in the North.

Pinkerton's career as a detective began by chance when he discovered a gang of counterfeiters operating in an area where he was gathering wood. His assistance—first in arresting these men and then another counterfeiter, led to his appointment as deputy sheriff of Kane County, Illinois, and, later, as Chicago's first full-time detective.

Pinkerton left his job with the Chicago police force to start his own detective agency. One of the first of its kind, this predecessor to Pinkerton's National Detective Agency, provided an array of private detective services—specializing in the capture of train robbers and counterfeiters and in providing private security services for a variety of industries.

The first Pinkerton office opens at 80 Washington Street, Chicago, IL in 1850.

By the 1870s, Pinkerton's growing agency had accumulated an extensive collection of criminal dossiers and mug shots that became a model for other police forces.

In 1861, while investigating a railway case, Pinkerton uncovered an apparent assassination plot against Abraham Lincoln. It was believed that conspirators intended to kill Lincoln in Baltimore during a stop along the way to his inauguration. Pinkerton warned Lincoln of the threat, and the president-elect's itinerary was changed so that he passed through the city secretly at night.

Union General George McClellan later hired Pinkerton to organize a "secret service" to obtain military information in the Southern states during the Civil War. Pinkerton sent agents into Kentucky and West Virginia, and, traveling under the pseudonym "Major E. J. Allen," performed his own investigative work in Tennessee, Georgia, and Mississippi.

After McClellan was replaced as the commander of the Army of the Potomac in 1862, Pinkerton resumed the management of his detective agency. The agency expanded after the Civil War, opening offices in New York City (1865) and Philadelphia (1866). As his business grew, Pinkerton drew public attention to its work by producing a series of popular "true crime" stories.

In time, because Pinkerton's Agency was often hired by industrialists to provide intelligence information on union-organizing efforts, Pinkerton guards and agents gained notoriety as strikebreakers. Notable confrontations between Pinkerton agents and laborers include the 1886 Haymarket Riot and the 1892 Homestead Strike, both of which occurred after Pinkerton's death in 1884.

Allan Pinkerton is buried at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago.

Compiled by Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

Coal, the Technology that Changed Chicago.

Coal was abundant within 60 miles of Chicago. Coal has been the dominant energy source for most of Chicago’s modern history, especially from the 1850s to the 1950s. Coal fueled steamships and railroads, heated houses and large buildings, drove industrial machinery, pumped water, made steel, and was the primary source of gas and electricity.

Coal dock at the mouth of Chicago River 1941. Navy Pier in background.

The Fourth Annual Review of Commerce showed that in 1854 Chicago burned 50,000 cords of wood and 52,000 tons of coal. A cord of wood generally has less energy than a ton of coal. So even in the early years, coal was overtaking wood as a fuel. Chicago had nearly 70,000 people.  This would be equivalent to about 1.5 tons of coal per person.

The Committee on Smoke Abatement did a careful count of coal consumption in 1912. Twenty-one million tons of coal were consumed, or about 10 tons per person, six times the 1854 usage.  About 3 million tons were used for trains, 4 million for steel mills, and less than 1 million to produce gas. The remaining 13 million tons were used to produce heat, electricity, and stationary power.

Stationary power included such things as the massive pumps used to provide Chicago’s water supply and 19th-century factories with leather belts from a central steam engine to individual machines.

The Chicago Water Tower and coal-powered pumping station. The Water Tower concealed a large standpipe used to equalize pressure between strokes of the steam pistons.

According to the history of Peoples Gas, Texas, natural gas first became available in 1932. Prior to that gas had been produced from coal. The change from coal gas to natural gas was not complete until the 1960s.

Coal was also the dominant home heating fuel in Chicago. The 1940 Census shows that there were 949,744 occupied housing units. Of these 625,310 had coal central heating, 182,509 used coal stoves, about 100,000 used fuel oil, and 40,000 used gas heat, along with a few thousand using other fuels. Thus about 85 percent of the households used coal.

1920s Ad for gas heat. Gas heat did not really take off until the 1940s

In 1950, there were 1,071,735 occupied housing units; 600,955 with coal central heating; 69,310 with coal stoves;  about 163,000 with gas;  about 200,000 with liquid fuels. Thus 63 percent used coal.

A Chicago Housing Survey shows that in 1970, 198,000 or 17 percent of the households used coal. Five years later, only 15,000 or 1.5% still used coal. Natural gas now heated 80 percent of all households. 

Many buildings burned garbage with coal to produce heat and hot water. Coal heating was not an automatic process. Large buildings needed employees to move coal and ash, and run the boilers. Residential buildings of even a modest size employed members of the Flat Janitor’s Union to collect garbage. In the 1980s many of these jobs were eliminated. The Municipal Reference Library received calls from angry tenants who now had to haul their own garbage down the stairs.

Although a portion of Chicago’s electricity is still produced from coal, the last two coal-fired electric plants in the city were shut down in 2012. Coal is still used to make steel in Northwest Indiana. Inside the city, the only users seem to be a few coal-fired pizza restaurants.

Like most large cities, Chicago has a history of poor air quality. As it industrialized, Chicago relied on the dirty soft coal of southern Illinois for power and heat. Burned in boiler rooms, locomotives, steel mills, and domestic furnaces, the ubiquitous coal created an equally ubiquitous smoke. Soot soiled everything in the city, ruining furniture, merchandise, and building facades.

Coal-burning steamer on the Chicago River.

In 1881 Chicago was among the first cities to regulate smoke emissions. In 1907 the Department of Smoke Abatement became part of the city government. One successful effort involved converting the Illinois Central Railroad to electric power in the 1920s. Among other concerns, it was thought that trees were unable to grow in Grant Park due to coal smoke. Air pollution control has remained among the city’s responsibilities.

Chicago Public Library
Edited by Neil Gale, Ph.D.

The History of the Lincoln Park Gun Club of Chicago, Illinois.

In 1912 Oscar F. Mayer, W. C. Peacock, P. K. Wrigley and other prominent Chicagoans built a remarkable shooting facility called the Lincoln Park Traps (LPT) on Chicago’s lakefront, where they had begun to play a new, unnamed sport. The club was located near Diversey Harbor at 2901 N. Lake Shore Drive.

By 1918, it was common to hear the pop, pop, pop of gun fire on the lakefront, the sound of which was muffled by the big lake that absorbed and deadened the explosive sound of firing.

The Chicagoans were enjoying a sport started by Charles E. Davies, an avid grouse hunter, who invented a shooting game in 1915 using live pigeons. In 1926, a contest was held to name the sport. Gertrude Hurlbutt won the contest with the name “Skeet,” which is derived from the Scandinavian word for shoot.

Lincoln Park Gun Club, Chicago, Illinois. 1929

There were two kinds of shooting at the club: trap and skeet. In trap, the target is thrown straight out over the water, so you are shooting as it moves away from you. With skeet shooting, the target goes from side to side, so you have to pan. In both cases, the target is a clay pigeon.

The Park District took over the property in 1934 and the club was open to the public.

The Lincoln Park Gun Club, Chicago, Illinois. 1948

The lakefront was dredged in 1947 to remove and gather the accumulated lead, with disputes taking place over who would benefit from the $150,000 for the sale of the recovered scrap metal. Five hundred tons of lead was recovered. Lead was then selling for $300 a ton.

By the 1940s, Skeet was used by the U.S. military to teach novice gunners the principle of leading and timing flying targets.

In February 1991, then Illinois Attorney General Roland Burris sued the club for allegedly polluting the lake with lead shot. The Chicago Park District immediately shut down the club until it could prove its activities were safe and also insisted it pay to have the lakefront dredged. Members charged that the shutdown was not due to pollution, but because of guns.

The gun club filed suit against the park district; however their suit was dismissed. The following summer, most of the club's buildings were demolished by the park district.

Compiled by Neil Gale, Ph.D.