The Premature Aging of Abraham Lincoln from 1860 thru 1865.

No face in American history is more recognizable than Abraham Lincoln. His profile appears on the penny, and an engraved portrait appears on the $5 bill. His image was included among the four presidents carved on the cliff face of Mount Rushmore.

A Pen-and-Ink Portrait of Abraham Lincoln by Leopold Grozelier (1860).

Abraham Lincoln’s physical appearance changed dramatically during his tenure as President of the United States, from March 4, 1861 to April 14, 1865. The magnitude of his apparent aging is often demonstrated by showing a photograph from the start of his first term compared to one taken a few months before his death.

NOTE: Abraham Lincoln had malaria at least twice. The first time was in 1830 (21 years old), along with the rest of his family. They had just arrived in Illinois that year. The second episode was in the summer of 1835 (26 years old), while living in New Salem, Illinois. Lincoln was then so ill, he was sent to a neighbor's house to be medicated and cared for. Malaria, during that time period, would often rear its ugly head throughout ones lifetime. 

RUMOR: Lincoln had Marfan syndrome. Today geneticists consider the diagnosis unlikely. 

UNFOUNDED: Lincoln's son, Willie, died from typhoid fever. It is only speculation that Lincoln suffered from typhoid fever at the Gettysburg address. But it is more likely that Lincoln had a mild case of smallpox, as his valet William H. Johnson develop smallpox caring for Lincoln after the Gettysburg address and he died from it.

FACT: Abraham Lincoln used "Blue Mass" (mercury pills) to treat some of his health issues.

These photographs reveal how increasingly careworn he became over the years, especially during the Civil War (April 12, 1861 - April 9, 1865), where he struggled to restore the Union. 

This photographic series from 1860-1865 is illustrative of the quick aging process experienced by Lincoln.

But a simple comparison of those two extreme photographs does not show the evolution of the change nor the stressful events that induced the striking transformation. In particular, note the significant change in the brief interval from November 1863 to February 1864, a part of which may have resulted from Lincoln's smallpox infection during that period. 

Oil painting of Lincoln giving his Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863. It's reported that Lincoln had a mild case of smallpox. Lincoln was feeling weaker during the enitre 2 hours he sat on the stage while waiting to be called to speak. Observers called Lincoln's color "ghastly." Lincoln felt so sick that when it was his turn he spoke only 271 words, in ten sentences, in just over two minutes, and immediately got helped off the stage.

Timeline of notable Lincoln events from 1860-1865.

1860
February        Delivers Cooper Union Address
May                Nominated for President of the United States
October         Receives suggestion from a young girl that he should grow a beard
November     Elected President of the United States
December     South Carolina secedes from the Union

1861
February        Confederate States of America is formed
March            Inaugurated as 16th President of the United States
April               Attack on Fort Sumter, SC
May                Family friend Elmer Ellsworth killed in Alexandria, VA
July                Battle of First Bull Run (Manassas) 
November     Trent Affair with Great Britain

1862
February         Battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
February         Son William (Willie) dies from typhoid fever
April                 Battle of Shiloh 
May                 Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley
June                Battle of Seven Days’
August            Battle of Second Bull Run (Manassas)
September      Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)
September      Issues Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
December       Battle of Fredericksburg

1863
January           Issues Final Emancipation Proclamation
May                  Battle of Chancellorsville
July                  Battle of Gettysburg
July                  Surrender of Vicksburg, MS 
September      Battle of Chickamauga
November       Delivers Gettysburg Address
November       Contracts mild case of smallpox
November       Battle of Chattanooga

1864
March              Appoints U.S. Grant Commander-in-Chief of Union Army
May                  Battle of the Wilderness
June                 Battle of Cold Harbor
June                 Siege of Petersburg, VA begins
September      Battle of Atlanta
November       Re-elected President of the United States
December       Battle of Nashville
December       Capture of Savannah, GA

1865
January           Congress Passes 13th Amendment to the Constitution
March              Delivers Second Inaugural Address
April                 Robert E. Lee Surrenders to U. S. Grant
April                 Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth

Compiled by Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

The History of Marshall Field’s Wholesale - Warehouse Store, Chicago (1885-1930).

By the time of the Great Chicago Fire in 1871, Marshall Field had established himself as one of the giants of commerce in the city of Chicago. His company was known for its innovative and groundbreaking policies and consisted of retail and wholesale divisions. The building they shared was destroyed in the fire, allowing Field to construct new buildings for each. 

In 1872, he completed a five-story structure at Madison and Water Streets (now Wacker) to house the wholesale division. Within a decade, the division was already outgrowing its space as Field continued to add new product lines. 

By May 1881, he had purchased all the lots on the block bordered by Adams, Fifth (now Wells), Quincy, and Franklin, near the location of the Chicago Board of Trade Building.

In 1885, Field contacted architect Henry Hobson Richardson with the proposition of designing a new building on the site for the Marshall Field's Wholesale Store (sometimes referred to as the Marshall Field's Warehouse Store).

Richardson completed preliminary plans by summer and, in October, traveled to Chicago to unveil the finished plans and sign the contract. By December 1885, the foundation was in, and the stonework was underway, but the building did not even begin to approach completion before Richardson's untimely death in April 1886.

The statistics for the building were staggering for the time being. The completed structure stood seven stories high, with a full basement on spread foundations. It fronted 325 feet on Adams, 190 feet on Franklin and Wells, and was 130 feet tall. The plan encompassed 61,750 square feet per floor, totaling almost twelve acres of floor space, which could accommodate 1,800 employees. The final cost of $888,807 ($25,077,735 today) was an enormous sum of money at the time but just a fraction of the wholesale division sales for 1887, which were over $23,000,000 ($648,946,100 today). Marshall Field owned the land and building and leased it back to his company. The Wholesale Store opened on June 20, 1887, amid little fanfare in comparison to the opening of the retail store. 

The load-bearing outer walls were brick covered by rock-faced Missouri red granite up to the second-floor windowsills and East Longmeadow red sandstone above. The structure was impressive for its overall size and the size of the stones used. Adjectives such as "enormous," "palatial," "Cyclopean," "immense," and "mammoth" were used to describe it in contemporary accounts. These terms are not surprising, given that the stones in the granite base were larger than those utilized in any other building in the city. The first-floor window sills alone were nearly eighteen feet long.

The second through fourth floors were tied together by the main arcade stretching thirteen bays on Adams, and seven each on Franklin and Wells between broad corner piers ornamented with boltels. The fifth and sixth floors were also joined by an arcade with two arches over everyone for the below floors. Groups of four rectangular openings marked the top floor, creating a horizontal band above the vertically thrusting arches. 

Above this was the crocket cornice in Gothic style "vigorously and crudely cut, to be in scale with the whole mass which it terminates." The plate glass windows, set in wood framed double-hung sash, were recessed to the inner face of the walls to emphasize the thickness of the stone when viewed from the exterior.

Packing Department

Despite the lavish praise of the building, pure economics eventually led to its demolition. By the early 1920s, the wholesale division was in serious trouble. The railroad and especially the automobile made it easier for rural residents to travel into larger cities to shop, spelling disaster for the country merchants who had been wholesale's best customers. Additionally, many of the merchants in the small towns succumbed to manufacturers' appeals to buy directly at lower prices, and the success of huge mail-order houses further contributed to the decline of wholesale. To breathe new life into the wholesale division, plans were announced in 1927 to construct a massive new facility, covering two city blocks and containing 4,000,000 square feet of space. The new building, the Merchandise Mart, served as the death knell for Richardson's Wholesale Store building.

The Merchandise Mart, built by Marshall Field & Co. and later owned for over half a century by the Kennedy family, opened in 1930.

Marshall Field & Co. engaged Graham, Anderson, Probst & White to draw up specifications for demolishing the old building. The massive structure was reduced to rubble by mid-summer to accommodate a parking lot. Little was salvaged except machinery and equipment, lighting fixtures, brass rails, gates and revolving doors. The granite and sandstone, praised for their visual impact, were used as fill to create a level surface for the asphalt parking lot.

Marshall Field Wholesale Advertisement from 1907.

Marshall Field Wholesale Advertisement from 1907.

Marshall Field Wholesale Advertisement from 1907.

MARSHALL FIELD AND COMPANY ARTICLES

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.