My Private Tour of the Lincoln Library Vault in Springfield, on the 150th Anniversary of Lincoln's Funeral Train's Arrival in Illinois in 1865.

In March of 2015, when I judged for the Illinois History Day state finals for junior and senior High School student history fair projects and research papers, Pete Harbison, the Student Historian Program Coordinator, invited me to visit the Abraham Lincoln Library and Museum to a private tour of the vault (which I found out later just doesn't happen) celebrating the 150th Anniversary of President Lincoln's Assassination on May 2, 2015, the date the Lincoln Funeral Train arrived in Springfield, Illinois.

When I arrived at the Lincoln Library, Pete and Dr. Samuel Wheeler, the Historian and Director of Research, Collections, and Library Services, were waiting for me. Dr. Wheeler was appointed in 2016 as Illinois State Historian until July 15, 2020, when the State fired him. 

The Inside Story of Abraham Lincoln’s Stovepipe Hats and the Downfall of Dr. Samuel Wheeler, Illinois State Historian.

Our first stop was the Library's research room. Here is where the public may request materials to study. Few books are on the shelves, so you must ask the librarian for the material you wish to see.

The thousands of Lincoln artifacts not displayed in the Museum are stored in the lower level of the Museum/Library. I was taken to a sub-level with 6 miles of movable, electronic filing shelves. I was told that most of the items stored here were waiting for research on the provenance of items.

The Preservation Department is a critical function of the Library. I was introduced to the staff and allowed to take photos as they worked on a different project.

This project was the removal of the scotch tape residue from a Lincoln document from the mid-1850s.

Another person was working on preserving the "Members of the House of Representatives of the thirteenth General Assembly of the State of Illinois" photo montage.

I was escorted into a small private conference room in the basement, where Sam left for a few minutes then came back pushing a cart with boxes and items on it. The painting and bronze statute below were in the conference room, along with some other historical artifacts that were never displayed to the public or were removed from the Museum for a change of exhibits.

I was privileged to photograph some of the items Sam brought out to show me, but not all of them. He told me that these were some of his personal favorite Lincoln items.

The first item is Lincoln's personal house key. The same house as the "Lincoln Home National Historic Site" at 426 South 7th Street in Springfield, where the Lincolns lived. I can just imagine Lincoln using this key every day!

The second item is Lincoln's travel shaving kit, which he took with him on his travels. Lincoln was clean-shaven when he began running for President. You see the kit open and the highly polished metal reflective surface (a crude mirror) Abraham would look into to shave. 

Lincoln grew a beard after receiving a letter from Grace Bedell, an 11-year-old girl from New York, in October 1860, a few weeks before the election. Lincoln responded to Bedell a few days later in a letter. Read the Letters Here.

Abraham Lincoln's first whiskers in 1860.

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By growing a beard, Lincoln nearly bankrupted a young entrepreneur named Milton Bradley, who had a booming business selling daguerreotype photographs of the clean-shaven candidate. Bradley destroyed his supply of daguerreotypes and turned to designing board games to make a living. Milton Bradley invented his first board game, on a red-and-ivory checkerboard of sixty-four squares. He called it the Checkered Game of Life in 1860.

I was shown (no photos allowed) a beautiful Tiffany (from New York) heart pendant owned by Mary Todd Lincoln. On one side were perfect diamonds (of course - it's Tiffany, after all) covering the entire heart – on the reverse side was a single flawless heart-cut diamond, allowing you to view the spectrum of colors from the reverse side diamonds, making it nearly see-through. 

Now comes my favorite item. Again, no pictures were allowed. I saw a handwritten letter from Mary Todd Lincoln the day after Abe died, written on mourning stationery (black-bordered paper) where Mrs. Lincoln gives instructions (i.e., her last will and testament) about what she desired after her death. She thought her sorrow was so massive that she was going to die. 

The very first sentence stated that she should be in-state, in an open casket, for 48 hours. She was terrified of waking up after being pronounced dead after being buried.

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Doctors some times didn't know if a patient was actually dead as medical technology wasn't very accurate yet. Sometimes, people were buried, by mistake, still alive (evendent by scratch marks or tattered fabric on the cover of the casket). To combat this issue with a backup system, people were buried with one end of a rope tied to their wrist. The other end of the tope was hooked to an above-ground bell. If the person awoke in the casket, they would pull on the rope, ringing the bell, summoning help to dig them up before they suffocated.

Hence the term"Dead-Ringer."

Last, but not least, I saw 1 of the 3 Lincoln surviving stovepipe hats. Dr. Wheeler told me they were researching the hat to determine its provenance. He told me it might be an early hat before Lincoln became President. It is made of beaver fur, whereas the other two surviving hats were silk-made. There were two worn spots on the brim where the fur had worn through. It is where Lincoln's fingers would grab the hat's brim to tip it in greetings.

Overall, it was a fantastic way to celebrate the 150th anniversary of President Lincoln's assassination. Dr. Wheeler and I lunched at Maldaner's Restaurant, which opened in 1884. I met the owner, and he sat with us, discussing history. What a great day!

Update about Dr. Samuel Wheeler's firing over the questioned stovepipe hat.

Copyright © Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D

Why does Chicago have Multilevel Streets?

Downtown Chicago, Illinois, has some double-decked and a few triple-decked streets immediately north and south of the Main Branch of the Chicago River and immediately east of the South Branch.

CLICK THE MAP ABOVE FOR A FULL-SIZE VIEW.

The most famous and longest of these is Wacker Drive, which replaced the South Water Street Market upon its 1926 completion. The resulting bi-level street has an upper-level riverfront boulevard, a lower-level roadway for commercial and through traffic, and a recreational walkway at water level.

This configuration was due to geography and traffic patterns in the Loop. Unlike most parts of the rest of the city near the river, most downtown streets crossed the river. All of these crossings are done by bascule bridges and each bridge required height clearances at the approaches to and over the river. Further necessitating clearances were many existing railroad tracks that were along the river (as in the west bank of the south branch) or tracks that ended at the river (for example the tracks ending at Randolph Street). Thus along the river at points of many closely spaced crossings, a clearance zone was created. Many double-decked or triple-decked streets came into being as a result of falling within this clearance zone.

Upper & Lower Wacker Drive on the Chicago River.

This also created an anomaly not only in the layout and uses of streets but also in the planning of buildings. Generally, the upper levels of the multi-level streets usually serve local traffic. The primary entrances of buildings are usually located on this level. The lower levels generally serve through-traffic and trucks serving businesses along the roads. This level houses the receiving/shipping entrances to the buildings on these streets. Noticeable is the absence of such loading docks at the street level.

The raising of Chicago streets out of the mud began in 1858 when streets and buildings were raised between four and seven feet above their former elevation, just a few feet above the constantly muddy lake level. The higher elevation allowed for sewers and proper drainage.

However, this did not produce any two-level streets; the first of those was Michigan Avenue in the late 1910s. When the Illinois Center development was built on the east side of downtown, a new upper level was built, making most streets in that area three levels.

After about 1890, special interest groups, including recreational bicyclists, farmers delivering harvested crops to market, and motorists, began to mount support for concrete paving to replace the previously common dirt roads. Public road planning in Chicago began in 1910 when the Chicago Plan Commission was created to implement Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett's plan.

The double-decked portion of Wabash Avenue north of the Chicago River was built in 1930, in conjunction with the single-level Wabash Avenue Bridge.

On January 3, 2005, the upper and lower levels were closed at Kinzie Street for reconstruction (in conjunction with the Trump Tower Chicago development) and have since been reopened to traffic.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.