Nixon's Parisian Hippodrome and Nixon's Amphitheatre in Chicago. (1872-1873)

James M. Nixon (1820-1899) worked his way from a mere horse groomer around 1836 to performing with various troupes in the 1840s and 1850s as an acrobat, ringmaster, and equestrian director. 

In December of 1871, he leased a lot on Clinton Street between Randolph and Washington Streets in the unburned west side just after the Great Chicago Fire in 1871, and in 1872, erected Nixon’s Parisian Hippodrome and Nixon's Amphitheatre, which was planned and erected within a fortnight (two weeks), opening on May 18, 1872. Hundreds of people were turned away on opening day because of overcrowding.

Nixon’s Amphitheater Clinton Street, Looking South from Randolph Street.

"There was a very large crowd in attendance upon the initial performance," the Inter-Ocean Newspaper reported, "large enough to test the strength of the house, the hasty construction of which had raised some doubts as to its safety. The performances were not of a very novel character, but good of their kind, and those of the audience who were able to endure the suffocating atmosphere of the interior ought to have been pretty well satisfied."

The front of the edifice (a large, imposing building) presented an attractive appearance, with gas jets extending the entire length and an elegant arch over the entrance. The auditorium is circular in shape and has ten tiers of seats descending to the ring. The interior was arranged with chairs from the ring to the canvas top, and a commodious promenade was adorned by panels elaborately illustrated with scenes from the sports and pastimes of former years, rendered by the well-known Chicago artist R.W. Wallis.

The Amphitheater was lighted with gas, thoroughly ventilated, and could comfortably accommodate 2,500 people. Admission to the show was 50¢ for the parquet (main seating area in a theater closest to the orchestra or stage) and dress circle (a curved section or tier of seats, usually the first tier above the orchestra), 75¢ for the reserved chairs, and 25¢ for children under ten.

Under this headline should be classed the pedestal gymnastics of Master F. Runnells, whose movements were so rapid as to literally shake the clothes off his body, resulting in an awkward predicament. Signor Francis’ juggling was an artistic performance, and Mr. H. Wambold introduced some striking feats in trapeze balancing. The dancing horse “Blind Tom,” under the skillful guidance of Miss Ella Stokes, was a gem in its line, and the posturing and contortion act or Mr. G. Wambold, the horizontal bar by the Laisesli Brothers, Kline and Murtz, the trapeze business of the Laiseli Brothers, and the show by Masters Fred and Barney, were all received with great applause. But the finest feature of the evening, indeed, the finest thing of Mr. George Wambold’s trained dogs and monkeys, which alone would repay a visit to the amphitheater. There was manifest on the part of the management a determination to cater only to the very best class of patrons with careful regard for delicacy and refinement. Mr. Nixon gives assurance that such will be the rigid rule of the establishment, and he also promises to bring out from time to time novelties and varieties of the highest order of excellence.

Chicago Tribune, May 20, 1872

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Prairie Farmer, June 22, 1872

As proof of this, he announces for this evening the famous Yeido Japanese Troupe, who are said to be altogether superior to all the Japanese troupe's who have preceded them.

Chicago Tribune, July 27, 1873

In 1879, Nixon was said to be running a "Dime Museum" in downtown Chicago. During this time, he teamed with Oliver P. Myers in an attempt to establish a zoological garden at the Hippodrome's location, which went nowhere. Still in Chicago in 1882, when on June 22 he appeared at W.C. Coup’s circus during an engagement. In 1886, it was announced that Nixon had traveled to England to make arrangements for Cody’s Wild West Show’s first trip abroad.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

The Search for Fort Sturdivant.

In 1998, Ron Nelson and Gary DeNeal local historians in Hardin County, Illinois researched the former location of Sturdivant's Fort using surviving early 19th-century land ownership records. The former site of the Sturdivant Gang fort (aka Sturdivant's Castle) is now on private property where it is located in the undeveloped backyard lot of a residential house, just north of the present-day water tower in Rosiclare. Nelson and DeNeal got permission from the owner to investigate. 

To locate Sturdivant's Fort, we started with what was known. As late as 1876, the ruins of Sturdivant's Fort could still be seen. Dr. Daniel Lawrence of Golconda, Illinois a visitor to the historic site noted that all that existed of the once imposing fortress was a dilapidated blockhouse but what remained revealed it had formerly been a substantial log structure. Dr. Lawrence also discovered numerous bullet holes in the old logs. Eventually, the fort ruins were torn down. 

Early authors mentioned that it was somewhere on a high bluff overlooking the Ohio River near the present town of Rosiclare, Ill. One of the first sites we checked was Jack's Point, just south of the mouth of Big Creek. The name "Jack's Point" brought to mind the stories we had heard of "Bloody Jack" Sturdivant. Could this point be named for him? This site was rejected after abstracting deed records for the north shore of the Ohio River revealed Roswell Sturdivant's land. It was in Section 33, which placed it just north of Rosiclare. Jack's Point was in Section 27. The contract for deed states that this property, containing 95 acres on the bank of the Ohio River, was sold by Amos Chipps to Roswell Sturdivant for $2,000 on November 17, 1820.

The legal description was "beginning at the mouth of the spring branch on the Ohio River, then up the branch with a line run by Lemuel Harrison between William Jackson & John Morris to a hickory ash and hackberry marked T, thence south 55 west until it strikes the old section line, thence with the said line to the southwest corner of said fraction, thence east with the surveying line to the Ohio River, thence up the river with its meandering to the mouth of said spring branch, it being Range 8, Township 12 and Fractional Sections 33 and 34, containing the aforesaid 95 acres more or less."

The Sturdivant Fort was attacked three times (once in 1822 and twice in 1823) by officers of the law in an effort to clean out this nest of criminals.

After the attacks on Sturdivant's Fort, a deed was brought into the county courthouse on Sept. 13, 1824. One Samuel Omelvany claimed he had purchased this property from Roswell Sturdivant on Oct. 7, 1820, for $1,000. The deed was signed by Roswell Sturdevant and attested to by Merrick Sturdevant and James Steel. It seems from the dates on the deeds that Roswell Sturdivant sold this property to Samuel Omelvany before he ever owned it.

With the deed, we located the exact property of Roswell Sturdivant. Amos Chipps had sublet the contract for deed to Edmund Searcy on January 26, 1821, who paid Chipps $1,700 and was to collect the balance from Sturdivant when due. When the payment came due, Sturdivant refused to pay Searcy, claiming that Searcy could not produce the deed. Then Amos Chipps told Searcy that James Ford was holding a mortgage on the property and the deed. Ford was brought into court and forced to sign his interest over to Searcy for five shillings (about $7), Ford claiming he did not know the boundaries of Chipps' part of the property. Searcy won the case and Sturdivant evidently paid what he owed.

The abstracting of the property with the above deeds proves Sturdivant's property lies along the high bluff in Section 33 just north of the present Rosiclare water tower. This property is today owned by Mr. and Mrs. Wayne Fowler. The fort site encompasses their entire yard. Fortunately, when their home was built, it was built far enough away from the bluff that it did not destroy the fort site.

We visited the Rosiclare bluff several times during the month of March in 1998. We also studied old maps, aerial photographs, soil and water conservation maps, Ohio River U.S. Corps of Engineers maps, etc. On April 6th, we again visited the Rosiclare bluff. This time we went house to house, interviewing each homeowner. We finally came to the Fowler property. We were already convinced from the abstract that the fort had been on their property. Now we wanted to look for ourselves. What would be left after nearly 200 years?

The Fowlers graciously allowed us permission to view their property. The east side of the house, facing the river, immediately revealed irregular elevations in the soil, easily detected as the foundation of a large house. Around the house-site were long elevated mounds similar to what is found on Civil War battlefields. We walked around the yard, and with my dowsing rods, we were able to mark with red flags the perimeters and the layout of the fort. 

What was found was that the loghouse in the stockade of the fort was approximately 60 x 60 feet. In comparison, the Old Slave House in Gallatin County, Illinois, is 50 x 50 feet. There were six rooms, three on each side, separated by a 4-foot wide hallway running east and west. The front two rooms, facing the river, measured 20½ x 28 feet. The back four rooms were of equal size and measured 17 x 28 feet. There was an extension on the northwest corner of the house, 18 x18 feet. Extending from the corners of the log house were four corridors approximately leading to the corner blockhouses. There was a palisade surrounding the perimeter of the house. There was also an outer perimeter palisade encompassing the entire property. From documents, we know that the house was 1½ to 2 stories high."

We were standing on the very site of the counterfeiters' den. It was here that men lost their lives pursuing a life of crime. It was here that William Rondeau was almost killed. It was here that men of principle came head to head with the unscrupulous. Who really won?

The time period counterfeit laws:
During the territorial days and early statehood of Illinois, counterfeiters became a severe problem. It affected everyone from the settlers to merchants and bankers. It was theft by deception. Along with the hopeful settlers, there also came villains who used their God-given talents of engraving to make fraudulent or counterfeit money. The counterfeiters may have descended from old-world European families. Some of these master craftsmen produced works of art, engraving upon gold or silver, ornate knives, firearms, watches, silverware, etc. Engravers were highly sought after and very much in demand in the printing business. Almost every picture appearing in the old newspapers was the result of a master engraver's work. These plates were engraved in brass or copper, as photographs were unknown at this time. The engraver was paid a small sum for each piece. To some engravers, the temptation to duplicate banknotes or coin molds became too great, and they soon found themselves manufacturing bogus currency, which was sometimes better than the originals. In so doing, these artisans moved into the realm of the criminal

This is an early 19th-century horse-powered ferry boat on the Ohio River typically used by counterfeiters and river pirates.

One such artistic group of counterfeiters was the Sturdivant family, who were operating in Pope Co., Illinois, and who also had ties in St. Clair County along the Kaskaskia River. Some of this family had evidently served in the Revolutionary War, helping to establish our country's independence. Many of the Sturdivant family came from the northeast, Connecticut and Massachusetts. One group came from Virginia and settled in Tennessee. Roswell S. Sturdivant and his brother, Merrick Sturdivant, claimed they came from "Robinson" [Robertson] County, Tennessee, though no records could be found of their presence in this county. Roswell is listed on the census of St. Clair County, Illinois, in 1820. Other documents proving that both Roswell and Merrick were in Illinois by 1818, and were probably here a few years earlier. One source also lists a Stephen Sturdivant in connection with the counterfeiters.

It seems the Sturdivants were involved in counterfeiting long before they came to Illinois, however, this is not to say that all of the Ohio Sturdevant's were considered outlaws, for it was said of James B. Sturdevant that he was "a hard-working and honest man," who had cleared and worked his own farm, as did his brother, Chauncey H. Sturdevant.

There were at least two operations in the counterfeiting scam. The first was the actual engraving and printing of the notes, the second the "passing off" these notes, or as it was called "passing the queer." The counterfeiter would sometimes sell these bogus notes at a discount. Some sources stated that Sturdivant sold $100 counterfeit for $16 legal currency.

There were two groups of people living side by side along the Ohio River, one who had a work ethic and respect for morals, and the other who spent their time habitually living outside the law. Legislators soon realized the problem counterfeiting was causing and passed laws to try to discourage the practice and punish the violators. On January 11, 1816, the law in the Illinois Territory set the penalty for counterfeiting at "death by hanging, without the benefit of clergy." Other penalties listed in this law ranged from death to paying "a fine of fourfold the amount of such note or bill" or beating with "not less than thirty-nine lashes well laid to the bareback" for such things as manufacturing or bringing paper into the Illinois territory to be used for counterfeiting, making or concealing plates used for counterfeiting, and passing or assisting others in passing counterfeit notes.

In 1818, Illinois received statehood. At its first General Assembly held at Kaskaskia, on February 27, 1819, the penalty for counterfeiting was lessened to a $500 fine and 75 lashes. In addition, the convicted felon would "be deemed infamous, and beheld incapable of holding any office, or giving testimony in any case whatever." 

This same penalty went for anyone found manufacturing or bringing paper into the state for counterfeiting purposes and making the counterfeiting plates. However, for passing or assisting in the passing of bogus notes or concealing money molds carried a penalty of a $500 fine plus "thirty-nine lashes to the bareback." If this fine was not paid, the person was to be committed to jail until the next term of court. If the fine was still not paid, the Sheriff was to sell the offender to the highest bidder for a term of servitude of seven years. Should the person sold try to run away from his master, his term of servitude would be increased. In 1821, this law was strengthened to include counterfeiting gold or silver coins with the same punishment as above.

New settlers were arriving who were willing to enforce these new laws and would not ignore the crimes of the counterfeiters. One such man was young Shawneetown attorney, John McLean, who evidently was one of the first to go after the Sturdivant gang. 

There is no evidence that anyone paid the price for the crimes of the Sturdivant Gang.

Compiled by Neil Gale, Ph.D.

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[1] The Sturdivant Gang was a three-generation family gang of counterfeiters, whose criminal activities took place over a fifty-year period, from the 1780s, in Connecticut and Massachusetts, with one branch of the family going to Tennessee via Virginia and a second family branch going to Ohio and finally settled on the Illinois frontier, between the 1810s to 1830s

Chicago's First Newspaper was printed in 1833.

Chicago had just been incorporated as a town on August 12, 1833. There were already 300 people living here. On November 26, 1833, Chicago got its first newspaper.

Our 21st Century's media likes to portray themselves as unbiased and non-partisan. But in 1833, newspapers let you know their agenda right upfront. The first local paper was named the "Chicago Weekly Democrat." The man behind it was John Calhoun (not John Caldwell Calhoun, 7th Vice President of the United States. 1825-1832). He'd run several unsuccessful papers in New York State, most recently in Watertown. After hearing travelers' tales about the boomtown on Lake Michigan, the young editor headed west.

Calhoun set up shop in a building on Clark Street. Like anyone who owned a printing press in 1833, he depended on job-lot printing orders to make his living. The newspaper was more of a sideline for Calhoun, a vehicle to publicize his personal views.

Andrew Jackson, a Democrat, was president. The opposition party was called the Whigs. But the feature story in the first issue of the Chicago Weekly Democrat was not a political manifesto. Instead, it was an account of a powwow between two Indian tribes, the Sioux and the Sac-and-Fox.

And that tells you something about the newspaper business in those times. Calhoun had copied the whole powwow story from a St. Louis paper. Was this plagiarism? There weren't any wire services yet, so editors got their out-of-town news by lifting it from other papers. 

The one-piece of original work was the editorial. There Calhoun came out boldly in favor of building a canal or railroad to link Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River. Oddly enough, that was the type of editorial you'd expect to find in a Whig paper, not in a paper calling itself the Democrat.

Calhoun continued to publish, with some interruptions. 

Publishing a newspaper on the frontier was very challenging. In May of 1835, Calhoun issued a second prospectus that apologized for the paper's virtual disappearance over the previous four months and promised a new editor would upgrade the quality of news when the Chicago Weekly Democrat re-appeared. He cited a lack of available paper on which to print during the winter of 1834-1835. He did not cite, but presumably was responding to, the appearance of his first competition, the Chicago's American Newspaper (sponsored by a rival political party, the Whigs).

The monopoly of the Chicago Weekly Democrat ended in 1835 when T.O. Davis established The American, a Whig paper. To fight this competitor, Calhoun hired James Curtiss as the new editor of the paper. Daniel Brainard was also associated with editing the paper at some point in these early years. By May 1836 Calhoun had lost interest in the paper and attempted to sell it to a group of local Democrats, but the sale fell through. 

The paper was enlarged in August 1836. The last issue was published on November 16, 1836, and afterward, the paper was sold to Isaac Hill, who sold it to Long John Wentworth. 

Wentworth had become a member of the new Republican Party (founded in 1854) by the end of the 1850s  — a turnabout that can be said, with some oversimplification, to have resulted from the politics of the years before the Civil War (1861-1865) when feelings about slavery caused shifting alliances and political turmoil throughout the country.

In 1861, just before the Civil War started it the end of April, Wentworth closed the Chicago Weekly Democrat. He said he was tired from his recent term as Chicago mayor and unable to continue after the death of his assistant, David Bradley. Others speculated he did not care to invest the money it would take to modernize the newspaper and adequately cover the war many expected at any moment. 

A more pressing cause was a $250,000 libel lawsuit by another of Chicago's Old Settlers, J. Young Scammon. Scammon was angry because Wentworth had published a cartoon depicting him as a "wildcat" banker (the fat cat in his cartoon wore a pair of Scammon's distinctive spectacles). Wentworth gave his subscription list to the Chicago Tribune, whose publishers induced Scammon to drop the suit in return.

Wentworth's political career went on but his paper was gone; although his own complete run of all the Chicago Weekly Democrat newspapers was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.

The east/west alley between Madison and Washington Streets and from
State Street to Wacker Drive was known as "Newspaper Alley."

John Calhoun died in Chicago on February 20, 1859, at 51 years old. Chicago's first newspaper editor is memorialized in Calhoun Place (20 North - 1 to 400 West), a four-block alley between Madison and Washington Streets in the Loop, from State Street on the east to Wacker Drive on the west.

It was lastly nicknamed "Newspaper Alley" before being renamed for the last time to Calhoun Place. Other nicknames before Newspaper Alley included, from newest to oldest, were; Newsboy's Alley, Gamblers Alley, and Whitechapel Alley.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.