Archaeologists in East St. Louis, Illinois, dig to find an ancient civilization that vanished.

The largest excavation of a prehistoric site in the country is poised to solve a riddle about Illinois prehistory that has lingered for a century — where did the Mississippians (the Indigenous People) go? And why?

The Mississippian culture was a mound-building civilization of indigenous people that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 1600 AD to 800 AD, varying regionally.

An enormous dig of a village site in 2011 first inhabited about 1000 A.D. on 78 acres of what used to be the St. Louis National Stock Yards Company [1]. The stockyards company built 'National City, a small town for its employees, just 2 miles north of East St. Louis, Illinois. The site is providing so much data and so many artifacts that archaeologists are daring to speculate that basic questions about the indigenous people may finally be answered.

The St. Louis National Stockyards Company.

The indigenous people, whose pottery and building styles identify them as a single cultural group, lived in or near the Mississippi Valley more than 1100 years ago. They erected complex cities, built enormous mounds for ritualistic purposes, and disappeared in the space of about 200-300 years.

But the stockyards dig, known as the "East St. Louis site," was abandoned by the indigenous people after only 150 years.

This site is 8 miles west of the region's main group of mounds, now the grounds of the Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site near Collinsville, which was occupied for about another 150 years after they left the East St. Louis site. However, less than 1% of the Cahokia Mounds site has been excavated because of a policy that the area should be reserved for future study.

But the East St. Louis village site will be fully excavated.

"By 1200 AD, the indigenous people are gone from this site with no evidence of any other occupation," said archaeologist Patrick Durst about the dig at the old stockyards. Durst, of the Prairie Research Institute of the University of Illinois at Champaign, supervises 90 hired diggers.

"What happened to them is one of the research questions we're hoping to answer. Having an opportunity to completely investigate a major portion of a site, this large is almost unheard of. When we are finished with this project, more of the East St. Louis mound group and the complex associated with it will have been excavated than all of Cahokia," says Durst.

One of the questions is whether the people who lived in the East St. Louis village site were the same people who lived at the much larger Cahokia Mounds site.

"We're trying to identify how this community, and its large mound center, relates to Cahokia, the largest mound center," Durst said, "We don't know exactly the direct relationships between these groups. It could be different groups that didn't necessarily work together. We don't necessarily think they were enemies, but they may not be the exact same cultural groups."

For residents of Southern and central Illinois, the ancient indigenous people represent a presence that turns up in daily life, from the "birdman" symbol etched into state highway overpasses to the term "Cahokia."

The Real Cahokia "Birdman Tablet."

But what is still unknown is: Where did they come from and what happened to them? Did they die off, or did they become the "Indians" of more modern times?

The small army of diggers has been working since 2008 to finish this excavation by the end of the year. This area, once home to 3,000 people who lived 500 years before Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas, lies in the path of the New Mississippi River Bridge Project (rebuilding a new Martin Luther King Jr. Bridge beginning in August of 2018) and must be excavated or lost to bulldozers. Less than a mile away near St. Clair Avenue, construction crews are already repaving roads that will lead to the bridge.

For archaeologists, this location is significant because it would have been the first habitation seen by visitors in prehistoric times to this region as they cruised down a much wider and shallower Mississippi River in dugout canoes. The village would have been in the path of native people headed for the Cahokia Mounds ritual center 8 miles further inland.

Durst speculated that from the river, the village would have been an awesome sight easily visible because the years of habitation would have deforested the slope leading from the rivers-edge. Hundreds of smoke plumes from campfires would have filled the horizon. And marker poles, which were tree trunks set upright in the ground and possibly containing forbidding carvings of gods or animals, warned visitors that they were entering a place where highly civilized people ruled.

Artifacts usually found in other states, including pieces of finely decorated pottery from Arkansas, Missouri and Iowa and beads carved from shells from the Gulf of Mexico, are being found almost daily. These discoveries support a long-held theory that the entire Cahokia area was the center of a culture that built mounds throughout the Midwest and southeastern United States.

A 6-inch high stone statue of a kneeling woman holding a conch shell was found in 2010. It is believed to be one of only a few that are known to exist.

Durst said that the sheer amount of data being collected all from one place is likely to lead to answers to basic questions about the indigenous people.

A smaller but very artifact-rich, nearby site just east of Brooklyn, Illinois, called "Janey B. Goode," was excavated in the early 2000s. Durst said that it contained about 800 features. A feature can be the remains of a dwelling or communal structure, a waste pit, fireplace or hearth or the dark stains in the earth where large, log-like poles were placed upright in the ground.

But the larger East St. Louis site has more than 2,500 features, including the remains of 500 dwellings, although many more ancient homesites might remain buried, Durst said.

"How and when this urban commercial and ritual center all came together and what caused it to fall apart is what we want to answer," said Brad Koldehoff, an archaeologist and cultural resources director for the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT). The dig is a joint effort by the Illinois State Archaeological Survey and IDOT.

Koldehoff said that the village's abandonment might have been a result of the overexploitation of animals and plants. While the indigenous people depended on fishing and growing a primitive type of corn and other vegetables, like squash and beans, they needed firewood and meat from game animals to augment their diet.

"Staying in one place too long almost sets you up to fail," Koldehoff said.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

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[1] National City was a suburb of East St. Louis, Illinois. Incorporated in 1907, it was a company town for the St. Louis National Stock Yards Company. In 1996, the company, which owned all residential property in the town, evicted all of its residents. The following year, because it had no residents, National City was dissolved by a court order. Its site was subsequently annexed by nearby Fairmont City, Illinois.

[2] The Birdman Tablet was discovered in 1971 during excavations at the base of the eastern side of Monks Mound, conducted by the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee. Archaeologists theorize that the bird of prey on the front of the tablet symbolically represents the Upper World. The Middle World (of man) is represented by the human figure wearing the costume, and the Lower World is represented by the snakeskin pattern found on the back of the tablet.

Prehistoric Saltwater Shark Nursery Fossils Found in Illinois.

Not far from Chicago, in a region now dominated by cornfields and whitetail deer, scientists say they've found fossil evidence of a “shark nursery” where prehistoric predators hatched.

The finding, which challenges long-held notions about ancient marine life, highlights a collection of prized local fossils preserved for more than 310 million years by a rare geologic process and then brought to the surface in recent decades by coal mining.

Like salmon in reverse, long-snouted "Bandringa Rayi" sharks (henceforth; Bandringa) migrated downstream from freshwater swamps to a tropical coastline to spawn 310 million years ago, leaving behind fossil evidence of one of the earliest known shark nurseries.

Photo of a fossil impression left by a juvenile Bandringa Rayi shark. These long-extinct sharks are known for their extremely long spoonbill snouts, which resemble those of modern-day paddlefish. This individual measures about 4 inches from snout to tail and was found in marine sediments at the Mazon Creek deposit in Illinois.

Fossils of Bandringa was discovered in 1969 in Will County as strip mining altered the landscape south of Chicago. Coal companies would discard piles of dirt rich with fossils, said Paul Mayer of the Field Museum, and allow people to pick through the churned earth.

Michael Coates, a University of Chicago evolutionary biologist, said the Bandringa sharks likely spent most of their adult lives in the rivers that run through present-day Ohio and Pennsylvania, citing fossils found in those states in recent decades. But Coates and a colleague suggest that the long-snouted critters laid their eggs and spent the early part of their lives in shallow coastal waters, such as the sea that once covered Illinois' Mazon Creek area and much of the Midwest.

Fossils of Bandringa Rayi were discovered in Will County, Illinois in 1969.

Amateur archaeologists and experts alike combed through the piles, and many of the fossils they brought home ended up at the Field Museum, which has the two Illinois samples studied by Coates, a public display about Mazon Creek, and thousands of the region's specimens in storage.

Mazon Creek's fossils began forming hundreds of millions of years ago when flowering plants and grass were nonexistent and when dinosaurs — not to mention humans — had yet to roam the Earth, Mayer said.

“When these sharks died, they fell into the mud of an estuary or even freshwater ponds in a little delta-like area,” said Mayer, who oversees about 40,000 Mazon Creek specimens as the Field's fossil invertebrate collections manager. “They were buried in the mud, and, for whatever reason, iron came in and cemented the rock around them.”

The process preserved many organisms that would have simply decomposed elsewhere, allowing today's scientists to study ancient jellyfish, worms, and the soft-bodied Tully Monster. It also led to a fuller picture of sharks.

The Tully Monster is found only in Illinois and is the state's official fossil.

“The preservation of Mazon Creek allowed us to reconstruct this animal in detail using the fossil record,” said Lauren Sallan, a University of Michigan evolutionary biologist, who started the research as a graduate student rotating through Coates' Chicago lab.

Coates and Sallan's analyzed two Bandringa samples from Mazon Creek originally identified by scientists as separate species. The juvenile sharks, just 4 to 6 inches long, had pronounced spoon-billed snouts that stretched half as long as their bodies and, Coates said, “looks a little bit like the things you see today in sturgeon, paddlefish.” Their findings suggest that the two sets of fossils are in fact members of the same bottom-feeding species, and a juvenile version of the adult sharks found fossilized in Ohio and Pennsylvania. 

After reevaluating 24 fossils, including latex “peels” of Bandringa’s scale-covered skin, it was concluded that Bandringa was a single species that lived, at various times during its life, in fresh, brackish water, and salt water.

Young Bandringas — but not adults — have turned up in Illinois and adult ones — but not their offspring — were found farther east suggests that the sharks thrived in freshwater but used saltwater havens (like the one south of present-day Chicago) as a “shark nursery” to lay eggs and allow young animals to live safely.

Although no sharks living today are known to travel from freshwater to saltwater to lay eggs, most sharks do use shark nurseries.

An artist’s rendering of a 310 million-year-old Bandringa Rayi shark, originally found in fossil deposits from Mazon Creek in Illinois.

The physical differences between the two purported species were due to different preservation processes at marine and freshwater locations, Coates and Sallan concluded. The freshwater sites tended to preserve bones and cartilage, while the marine sites preserved soft tissue.

By combining the complementary data sets from both types of fossil sites and reclassifying Bandringa as a single species, Coates and Sallan gained a far more complete picture of the extinct shark’s anatomy and discovered several previously unreported features. They include downward-directed jaws ideal for suction-feeding off the bottom (getting their nutrients from algae and other plant material), needle-like spines on the head and cheeks, and a complex array of sensory organs (electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors) on both the extended snout and body, suited for detecting prey in murky water.

It’s also the earliest evidence for segregation, meaning that juveniles and adults were living in different locations, which implies migration into and out of these nursery waters. Adult Bandringa sharks lived exclusively in freshwater swamps and rivers, according to Coates and Sallan. Females apparently traveled downstream to a tropical coastline to lay their eggs in shallow marine waters, a reverse version of the modern-day salmon’s sea-to-stream migration. At the time, the coastline of the super-continent Pangaea ran diagonally between the Mazon Creek freshwater and marine sites.

All the Bandringa fossils from the Mazon Creek marine sites are juveniles, and they were found alongside egg cases -- protective capsules that enclose eggs of the next generation -- belonging to an early species of shark. Adult Bandringa fossils have been found only at freshwater locations, including several in Ohio and Pennsylvania.

An artist’s rendering of a 310 million-year-old, bottom-feeder, Bandringa Rayi shark.

Coates and Sallan said that the juvenile Bandringa sharks hatched from the Mazon Creek egg cases and that the deposit’s marine sites represent a shark nursery where females spawned and then departed, returning upstream to freshwater rivers and swamps.

“This is the first fossil evidence for a shark nursery that’s based on both egg cases and the babies themselves,” Sallan said. “It’s also the earliest evidence for segregation, meaning that juveniles and adults were living in different locations, which implies migration into and out of these nursery waters.”

The findings, both scientists say, were possible only because of the fossils found south of Chicago, which are renowned in scientific circles even if they're unknown to many locals. Coates said he learned about the fossils as a graduate student in the United Kingdom and was eager to study them when he arrived here. “The Mazon Creek fossils are world-famous,” he said, “and it's on Chicago's doorstep.”

Compiled by Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

The Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals of Illinois.

Tyrannosaurus Rex

No dinosaur bones or fossils have ever been discovered in Illinois -- for the simple reason that this state's geologic sediments were being eroded away, rather than actively deposited, during most of the Mesozoic Era [1] (250,000,000 BC to 65,000 BC). No dinosaur bones or fossils have been found in Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana or Ohio.

Still, Illinois can boast a significant number of amphibians and invertebrates dating to the Paleozoic Era [2] (541,000,000 BC to 251,900,000), as well as a handful of Pleistocene period (2,600,00 BC to 12,000 BC) pachyderms (Woolly Mammoths, Mastodons and other elephant type mammals). Illinois was geologically unproductive for much of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras (250,000,000 BC to 2,000,000 BC), hence the lack of fossils dating from this vast expanse of time.

Woolly Mammoths

American Mastodon

However, conditions improved tremendously during the Pleistocene period when herds of Woolly Mammoths and American Mastodons tramped across this state's endless plains (and left scattered fossil remains to be discovered, piecemeal, by 19th and 20th-century paleontologists).

Joe Devera has been an Illinois State Geological Survey geologist for over 30 years. "Other dinosaurs, such as T-Rex, could be found in Illinois, but they're covered up by vegetation and soil," he said. "People think of dinosaur bones out West because the ground is dry and eroded, and bones are much easier to find," Devera said he believes dinosaurs roamed the state during the Cretaceous period (145,000,000 BC to 66,000,000 BC).

Devera is particularly interested in finding the bones of duckbilled dinosaurs -- plant-eaters known as hadrosaurs -- because their remains have already been detected in northeastern Missouri. Devera said a researcher got "darn lucky" in Missouri and found dinosaur fossils when a well was being dug. Three kinds of dinosaur fossils have been found in Missouri: Hadrosaurs, Parrosaurus, and a small Tyrannosaurid (perhaps Albertosaurus).

After hours of research, I finally found Tyrannosaurus Rex bones in Illinois. It's SUE, the famous T. Rex we all know and love. 

SUE in the Main Hall of the Field Museum in Chicago.

She is no longer featured in the main entrance hall of the Field Museum in Chicago.

SUE is in Chicago's Griffin Halls of Evolving Planet of the Field Museum.

SUE is in her new home in the Griffin Halls of Evolving Planet display on the upper level of the Field Museum.

Is it possible to find dinosaur fossils in Illinois?

To find dinosaurs, you need Jurassic or Cretaceous-age rocks. Unfortunately, there are no Jurassic rock outcroppings in Illinois and very little Cretaceous. As you can see, there is just a tiny bit of dark green at the southern point of Illinois and an even smaller patch in western Illinois. These dark green colored locations are mapped as "Undifferentiated" Cretaceous -- which means their age has not been accurately determined yet. It's not hopeful. If the rocks contained common, well-preserved fossils, we would already know their age.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

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[1] The Mesozoic Era includes the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.

[2] The Paleozoic Era is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. It is the longest of the Phanerozoic eras, lasting from 541,000,000 BC to 251,900,000, and is subdivided into six geologic periods: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian.

V8 Vegetable Juice was created in Evanston, Illinois.

V8 Vegetable Juice was created by W.G. Peacock (1896-1948) in 1933 in Evanston, Illinois, the founder of the New England Products Company, which manufactured individual vegetable juices under the brand name Vege-min. The dominant juice in this mixture is tomato juice comprising nearly 87% of the total juice.

During World War II, a child purchases a can of V8, handing the grocer a ration book.

To try to boost sales, Peacock began experimenting with mixing the juices from different vegetables to improve the overall flavor. Eventually, he came up with the recipe for "Vege-min 8", which was later shortened to "V8" at the suggestion of a local grocery store in Evanston carrying the product. Peacock said he renamed the product V8 after the V8 engine, the most powerful engine at the time.

Ronald Reagan V8 Vegetable Juice Ad, 1952.

Ann Sheridan V8 Juice Ad.

Frank Constable of Chicago, who worked as a contractor for W.G. Peacock, developed a blended formula of vegetable juices from tomatoes, carrots, celery, beets, parsley, lettuce, watercress, and spinach with spices such as dill. His vegetable juice recipe has endured all these years as a saleable product that is still enjoyed today.

Shirley Temple V8 Vegetable Juice magazine advertisement.

Fred MacMurray V8 Vegetable Juice Ad.

Frank had a long career working in the grocery business. His mother and father owned a grocery store, and it was there that he learned about the food business. In his career, he also worked for Monarch Foods and was one of their best salesmen.

Dorothy Lamour Ad for V8 Juice. A famous 1931 Marshall Field & Co., Elevator Girl.

V8 Vegetable Juice ad from the Ladies Home Journal, 1947.

Rhonda Fleming, Hollywood Actress, 1940s

The V8 recipe was purchased by the Campbell Soup Company in 1948. Campbell's acquired the brand from the Charles Loudon Packing Company in Terre Haute, Indiana. It was the same year W.G. Peacock died, and Ronald Reagan was the leading spokesman for V8.

 

SLOGANS

• "Wow, It Sure Doesn't Taste like Tomato Juice!" (1960s)
• "Drink V8 & Keep Your Diet Straight!" (1990s–present)
• "Drink Smarter with V8." (2000–present)
• "Drink It. Feel It." (2003–2004)
• "Should've Had a V8." (1970s-1980s, 2009–present) ("Could've Had a V8." used in tandem)

INDEX TO MY ILLINOIS AND CHICAGO FOOD & RESTAURANT ARTICLES.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle's ship, the 'Le Griffon' reportedly found in Lake Michigan."

In the 17th century, Europeans came to what they called the 'New World' and started divvying it up and parceling it out under the rubric of ‘exploration.’ One particular Frenchman was explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (Sieur du La Salle is a title translating to "Lord of the Manor") from a middle-class family. 

René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (1643-1687)

He built a ship named the 'Le Griffon' (the first ship built in America), sometimes spelled Griffin, launched on August 3, 1679, to explore Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River in search of a western passage to China. The Griffon was lost that same year.

The Le Griffon.

When La Salle (1643-1687) first came to New France (Canada) in 1666, he landed in Montreal, where the St. Sulpice Seminary was located. The priests were 'granting' their land to settlers upon easy terms. But La Salle was more fortunate than the ordinary settler because Gabriel Thubières de Levy de Queylus, superior of the seminary (a Sulpician priest from France who was a significant leader in the development of New France), made him a gratuitous grant of a large tract of land at a place subsequently named 'Lachine,' a settlement was located southwest of Montreal, above the great rapids of that name, and about nine miles north of Montreal (founded in 1642), just at the foot of what has since been called Lake Saint-Louis (Québec, Canada).

Some Iroquois Indians told La Salle of a great river, which they called the Ohio River (which turns out to be the Mississippi River), far to the west, which La Salle thought must flow into the Gulf of California and would thus give him the western passage to China he was seeking.

He ran out of money and sold some of his lands to make the journey to the western Great Lakes, where he spent some time. He later journeyed east again and returned to France in 1674, where King Louis XIV (b. Louis Dieudonné), known as 'Louis the Great' or 'The Sun King', granted him Fort Frontenac where the St. Lawrence River leaves Lake Ontario.

Fort Frontenac at Cataraqui (the original townsite of today's downtown Kingston, Ontario), 1685.

For thousands of miles around, on the American continent and in the Caribbean, had been the territory of the indigenous people before the arrival of Europeans.

La Salle went to Lake Erie in January of 1679 and began building his ship, the Griffon. While the ship was under construction, Seneca Indians planned to burn it. La Salle thwarted the plan, having received intelligence from an Indian woman. He launched the ship and began a journey across the Great Lakes from New York to Lake Michigan.

La Salle's expeditions routes. The exact course of some portion of his travels is unknown.

When La Salle arrived, later in 1679, at what is now Wisconsin, he decided to turn his ship and the furs aboard it over to the six crewmen, with the idea that they’d return to Frontenac to satisfy his creditors (as a Jesuit, La Salle was denied his inheritance by French law). He left the ship and men at Washington Island at the north end of the peninsula between Green Bay and Lake Michigan. LaSalle intended to visit the Illiniwek tribe.

The Griffon set sail for Niagara on September 18th. A favorable wind bore her from the harbor, and with a single gun, she bade adieu to her enterprising builder, who never saw her again. She carried a cargo valued with the vessel at fifty or sixty thousand francs (in furs pelts), obtained at great sacrifice of time and treasure. She was placed under the pilot's command, Luc, assisted by five good sailors, with directions to call at Mickili-Mackinac and, from there, proceed to the Niagara. Nothing more was heard of the Griffon.

It’s unknown if the ship sank or was burned by Indians, the Jesuits, or fur traders or how she was actually lost. However, La Salle thought Luc and the crew had sunk the Griffon.

After leaving the Griffon, La Salle went south to Louisiana on the Mississippi River. He later returned to France and then returned to Louisiana in 1682 on four ships with 228 colonists and claimed Louisiana. The text that follows is a translation of his proclamation, which utterly denies any ownership by the people whose ancestors lived there for millennia before the French arrived.

I, René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle, by virtue of His Majesty’s commission, which I hold in my hands, and which may be seen by all whom it may concern, have taken and do now take, in the name of His Majesty and of his successors to the crown, possession of the country of Louisiana, the seas, harbors, ports, bays, adjacent straits, and all the nations, peoples, provinces, cities, towns, villages, mines, minerals, fisheries, streams and rivers, within the extent of the said Louisana.

By February 1687, the 228 recruits were reduced to 36 people by sickness, shortage of supplies and clean water, and desertion. An article at the Canadian Museum of History website describes La Salle as “bad-tempered, haughty and harsh,” adding that “he alienated even those who had remained faithful to him to the end.” In what is now Texas, one of his party shot him at point-blank range, killing him. “It was the nineteenth of March, 1687. Three of his companions had been murdered just before him. The conspirators who committed the murders then set about killing one another,” the article says.

La Salle founded a settlement near the bay, which they called the 'Bay of Saint Louis' (St. Louis Bay is northeast of the Gulf of Mexico along the southwestern coast of Mississippi), on Garcitas Creek in the vicinity of present-day Victoria, Texas. By February of 1687, the 228 recruits were reduced to 36 people by sickness, shortage of supplies and clean water, and desertion. La Salle is described as bad-tempered, haughty, and harsh. He alienated even those who had remained faithful to him to the end. Some of La Salle's remaining 36 men mutinied, and on March 19, 1687, La Salle was shot at point-blank range by Pierre Duhaut during an ambush while talking to Duhaut's decoy, Jean L'Archevêque. Duhaut was killed to avenge La Salle. The remaining men in the party, afraid of retribution, killed each other, except for two. The settlement lasted only until 1688 when Karankawa-speaking Indians killed the 20 remaining adults and took five children as captives. Henri de Tonti sent out search missions in 1689 when he learned of the settlers' fate but failed to find survivors. The children of the colony were later recovered by the Spanish.

In 2006, Steve Libert of Muskegon, Michigan, announced that he thought he had located the Griffon.

In 2011, Frederick Monroe and Kevin Dykstra of Michigan seeking the treasure of $2 million in gold bullion," which legend says fell off a ferry in rough waters in the 1800s and sank. They located a shipwreck in northern Lake Michigan, announcing their find in December 2014. They speculated the ship was the Griffon but agreed more information was needed before it could be verified.

The shipwreck in Lake Michigan, which is claimed to be the Griffon.

“Other experts aren't convinced that the wreck is the Griffon. Rather, it may be the remnants of a tugboat that was scrapped after ‘steam engines became more economical to operate,’ said Brendon Baillod, a Great Lakes historian who has written scholarly papers on the Griffon,” according to LiveScience Magazine.

A mass on the shipwreck’s bow, which Monroe and Dykstra thought might be the Griffon's figurehead, was probably zebra mussels, an exotic shellfish with no natural predators in the Great Lakes and amass in huge numbers on any available surface.

Some 1,500 shipwrecks have been found in the Great Lakes. The Griffon is believed to be the first European-type ship to sail the Great Lakes.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

The Mad Gasser of Mattoon, Illinois.

The Mad Gasser of Mattoon, also known as the Phantom Anesthetist or the Anesthetic Prowler, was the supposed perpetrator of a series of alleged gas attacks targeting the residents of Mattoon, Illinois. The incidents began on August 31, 1944, and lasted two weeks. In total, about 35 individuals believed they were victims, as they suffered symptoms in their own homes. The identity of the Mad Gasser and whether or not the gassings ever really occurred are still a mystery.

On Thursday, August 31st, Urban Reef awoke to a strange smell in his bedroom that soon became so overpowering that he became physically ill. He woke his wife, and she wondered if there might be a problem with the pilot light in the kitchen. She decided to get up and check, but she found that her legs wouldn’t move. Thankfully, these symptoms went away in a short time. The pilot light, she found, was working perfectly.

The next night, Mrs. Bert Kearney was awakened by a strange, sweet smell in her bedroom. When she tried to move, she found herself temporarily paralyzed. Her screams brought neighbors, who called the police, but no sign of a gas leak was found. Around midnight, Bert Kearney returned home from work, unaware of what had happened earlier that evening. As he turned into the driveway, he spotted a man lurking near the house, dressed all in black, close-fitting clothing and a black watch cap. He was standing near a window when Kearney spotted him and turned to run away. Thinking he was a window peeper, Kearney gave chase, but lost the man in the darkness. 

Nearby, on September 1st, three separate households reported similar symptoms. In one family, the mother went to check on her daughter but found that she, too, was paralyzed from the waist down. The mothers and children felt the effects of gas in the other two homes as well. One of the families had seen a prowler wearing a tight-fitting cap and dark clothing.

Although the police drafted incident reports, they found no hard evidence to point them in any direction.

Early reports also came to the attention of the local newspaper. They had found a terrific story and published sensational articles on September 2nd about the incidents, citing such specifics as to the smell of the gas and the explicit symptoms experienced by the victims. Their coverage of the story stated that there was some kind of madman out in the dark who was creeping around and pumping poisonous gas into people’s homes. They called this phantom, “The Anesthetic Prowler” and, subsequently, ‘The Mad Gasser.” The poison, they claimed, could have been chloroform or ether, according to the description of its smell.

Over the next few days, more and more people reported to the police and the newspaper that they had been the victim of a similar attack. They too had experienced a sickly-sweet smell and then burning sensations, nausea, and partial paralysis.

There were two reports on the 5th, and on that night, the police seemed to have caught a lucky break. The first real clues in the “Mad Gasser” case were discovered. They were found at the home of Carl and Beulah Cordes, but what the clues actually reveal still remains a mystery. The Cordes returned home late to find a white cloth lying on their porch. Mrs. Cordes picked it up and noticed a strange smell coming from it. She held it up close to her nose and felt immediately nauseated and light-headed. She nearly fainted and her husband had to help her inside. Moments later, her lips and face began to swell and her mouth began bleeding. The symptoms lasted almost two hours. The police were called and they took the cloth into evidence. As they searched the property, they also found a skeleton key and an empty tube of lipstick that was found on the porch, but it provided nothing substantial. They decided the prowler was probably trying to break into the house, but had failed. Apparently, he had dropped his lipstick and a cloth with gas residue on it, too. The mystery was just getting deeper by the day. 

Later on the 5th, the gasser attacked again, this time spraying gas into an open window. The attacks continued and Mattoon residents began reporting fleeting glimpses of the gasser, always describing him as a tall, thin man in dark clothes and wearing a tight black cap. More attacks were reported and the harried police force tried to respond to the mysterious crimes that left no clues behind. Eventually, the authorities even summoned two FBI agents from Springfield to look into the case, but their presence did nothing to discourage the strange reports. Panic was widespread and rumors began to circulate that the attacker was an escapee from an insane asylum or a German spy who was testing out some sort of poisonous gas.

Armed citizens took to the streets, organizing watches and patrols to thwart any further attacks, but several took place anyway. The gas attacks were becoming more frequent and the attacker was leaving behind evidence like footprints and sliced window screens. A local citizens’ “vigilance group” did manage to arrest one suspect as the gasser, but after he passed a polygraph test, he was released. Local businessmen announced that they would be holding a mass protest rally on Saturday, September 10th, to put more pressure on the already-pressured Mattoon police force. Now, the gasser was becoming more than a threat to public safety -- he was becoming a political liability and a blot on the public image of the city. 

The gasser, apparently not dissuaded by armed vigilantes and newspaper articles, resumed his attacks. The first new incident took place at the home of Mrs. Violet Driskell and her daughter, Ramona. They awoke late in the evening to hear someone removing the storm sash on their bedroom window. They hurried out of bed and tried to run outside for help, but the fumes overcame Ramona and she began vomiting. Her mother stated that she saw a man running away from the house. A short time later that night, the gasser sprayed fumes into the partially-opened window of a room where Mrs. Russell Bailey, Katherine Tuzzo, Mrs. Genevieve Haskell, and Mrs. Haskell’s young son were sleeping. At another home, Miss Frances Smith, the principal of the Columbian Grade School, and her sister, Maxine, were also overwhelmed with gas and became ill. They began choking as they were awakened and felt partial paralysis in their legs and arms. They also said that as the sweet odor began to fill the room “as a thin, blue vapor,” they heard a buzzing noise from outside and believed that it was the gasser’s “spraying apparatus” in operation.

By September 10th, "Mad Gasser" paranoia had peaked. FBI agents were trying to track down the type of gas being used in the attacks and the police force had to divide its time between looking for the gasser and keeping armed citizens off the streets. Neither law enforcement agency was having much luck. By the following Saturday night, several dozen well-armed farmers from the surrounding area had joined the patrols in Mattoon. In spite of this, six attacks took place anyway, including the three previously mentioned. Another couple, Mr. and Mrs. Stewart B. Scott, returned to their farm on the edge of Mattoon late in the evening to find the house filled with sweet smelling gas. 

This seemed to be the last straw for the Mattoon authorities. While several gas attacks were reported on the night of September 11th, they were all dismissed as false alarms. Newspaper accounts of the affair began to take on a more skeptical tone, and despite claims by victims and material evidence left behind, the police began to dismiss new reports of attacks and suggested that local residents were merely imagining things. The gasser could not be caught and it seemed easier to claim that he never existed at all than to admit that no one could find him. New stories began to appear in the papers, where psychology experts opined that the women of Mattoon had dreamed up the "Gasser" as a desperate cry for attention, as many of their husbands were overseas fighting in the war. This theory ignored the fact that many victims and witnesses were men and that this so-called "fantasy" was leaving behind evidence of his existence. 

The Mattoon police chief issued what he felt was the final statement on the gas attacks on September 12th. He stated that large quantities of carbon tetrachloride gas were used at the local Atlas Diesel Engine Co. and that this gas must be causing the reported cases of illness and paralysis. It could be carried throughout the town on the wind and could have left the stains that were found on the rag at one of the homes. As for the "Mad Gasser" himself, well, he was simply a figment of their imaginations. The whole case, he said “was a mistake from beginning to end.”

Not surprisingly, a spokesman for the Atlas Diesel Engine plant was quick to deny the allegations that his company had caused the concern in town, maintaining that the only use for that gas in the plant was in their fire extinguishers and any similar gases used there caused no ill effects in the air. Besides that, why hadn’t this gas ever caused problems in the city before? And how exactly was this gas cutting the window screens on Mattoon homes before causing nausea and paralysis?

The official explanation also failed to explain how so many identical descriptions of the "Gasser" had been reported to the police. It also neglected to explain how different witnesses managed to report seeing a man of the gasser’s description fleeing the scene of an attack, even when the witness had no idea that an attack had taken place.

The last "Gasser" attack took place on September 13th, and while it was the last incident connected to the attacker in Mattoon, it was also possibly the strangest. It occurred at the home of Mrs. Bertha Bench and her son, Orville. They described the attacker as being a woman who was dressed in a man’s clothing and who sprayed gas into a bedroom window. The next morning, footprints that appeared to have been made by a woman’s high-heeled shoes were found in the dirt below the window. 

After this night, the "Mad Gasser of Mattoon" was never seen or heard from again.

To this day, the identity of the Mad Gasser remains a mystery, as does the reason why he/she chose to wreak havoc in Mattoon. Stories have suggested that Mattoon’s Gasser was anything from a mad scientist to an ape-man (although who knows where that came from?) and researchers today have their own theories, some of which are just as wild. 

Could he have been some sort of extraterrestrial visitor using some sort of paralyzing agent to further a hidden agenda? 

Could he have been some sort of odd inventor who was testing a new apparatus? In 2002, a woman who explained that her father grew up in Mattoon during the time when the gas attacks were taking place. He told her that there had been two sisters living in town at the time who had a brother who was allegedly insane. A number of people in town believed that he was the Mad Gasser and so his sisters locked him in the basement until they could find a mental institution to put him in. After they locked him away, her father told her, the gas attacks stopped. Is this the answer to the mystery?

Or could the "Gasser" have been an agent of our own government, who came to an obscure Midwestern town to test some military gas that could be used in the war effort? It might be telling that once national attention came to Mattoon, the authorities began a policy of complete denial and the attacks suddenly ceased. Coincidence?

Whoever, or whatever, he was, the "Mad Gasser" has vanished into time and, real or imagined, is only a memory in the world of the unknown. Perhaps he was never here at all. Perhaps he was, as Donald M. Johnson wrote in the 1954 issue of the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, simply a "shadowy manifestation of some unimaginable unknown."

But was he really? How do we explain the sightings of the “Mad Gasser” that were made by people who did not even know the creature was alleged to exist? Or identical sightings from independent witnesses who could not have possibly known that others had just spotted the same figure? Was the “Gasser,” as some have suggested, a visitor from a dimension outside of our own, thus explaining his ability to appear or disappear at will? Was he a creature so outside the realm of our imaginations that we will never be able to comprehend his motives or understand the reason why he came to Mattoon?

Perhaps this is the solution to the mystery – that this is a mystery that we’ll never understand. If you think about that long enough, it can make your head hurt. It’s a solution that simply causes more questions to be asked.

Compiled by Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

Out Of Place ARTifacts (OOPArt) found in Illinois.

Throughout recorded history, diggers — amateur and professional — have been finding objects that appear modern or made of advanced materials but are located in old rock or other places where they shouldn't, or couldn't, be. Such objects have become known as Out Of Place ARTifacts (OOPArt) are artifacts of historical, archaeological, or paleontological interest found in an unusual context that challenges conventional historical chronology by being "too advanced" for the level of civilization that existed at the time or showing "human presence" before humans were known to exist. Other examples suggest contact between cultures that are hard to account for with conventional historical understanding.

An 1870 OOPArt found in Illinois Rock
During the drilling of an artesian well at Lawn Ridge, 20 miles north of Peoria, Illinois, in August 1870, one of the workmen, Jacob W Moffitt (1841-1922) of Chillicothe, discovered a coin-like object (usually referred to as a 'medallion,' although it lacks any hole or loop by which it might have been suspended) when the bit had reached a depth of about 114 feet according to Peter Kolosimo. The object was made from an indeterminate copper alloy, about the size and thickness of a U.S. quarter of that period and was decorated on both sides.

On one side were two human figures, one large and one small; the larger was wearing a headdress. This is usually described as a crowned woman holding a crowned child, but the sketch does not bear this out: it looks more like a warrior in a feathered headdress about to strike a fallen enemy.

The other side is said to have depicted a central crouching animal with long, pointed ears, large eyes and mouth, claw-like arms and a long tail, frayed at the tip, with a horse below it and to the left; again, the drawing seems to show something slightly different from this. Around the edges of the 'medallion' were obscure symbols usually described as hieroglyphs, although they resemble no known script. It was of uniform thickness and appeared to have cut edges.

A sketch of the medallion from Lawn Ridge, Illinois.

According to an account by Professor Alexander Winchell (1824-1891), State Geologist for Michigan, in his book Sparks from a Geologist's Hammer, he received a statement from another eye-witness, Dr. William H Wilmot, dated December 4, 1871, of the deposits and depths of materials made during the boring. The numismatist William Ewing Dubois (1810-1881) gave a report to the American Philosophical Society where he suggested that it had passed through a rolling mill, with the edges showing evidence of machining. The figures appeared to have been etched with acid.

Professor Winchell presented the object to a meeting of the Geological Section of the American Association at its meeting in Buffalo (New York) in 1876. One participant, J.R. Lesley, suggested that the artifact was a practical joke and that it might have been dropped into a hole by a passing French or Spanish explorer centuries earlier. He also suggested that the figures on either side of the object represented the astrological signs of Pisces and Leo and claimed to find the date 1572 in the symbols.

Winchell was adamant that the symbols were indecipherable in terms of any known script and that the practical joke hypothesis failed because no one could have dropped an object into a hole in the expectation that someone several hundred years later would happen to drill at that precise spot. He was convinced the coin had been in the deposit from 200,000 to 400,000 years ago at 114 to 125 feet before its discovery and had not just fallen into a hole.

It is difficult to know what to make of this curious object without descriptions and a preliminary sketch. It was clearly not a coin of recent date, but there are problems in accepting it as ancient or pre-Columbian.

There are good reasons for this. Firstly, coinage is a historically specific development, beginning in the first millennium BC in the eastern Mediterranean region: all coins and coin-like medallions derive from these original models. Secondly, copper alloy production was unknown in pre-Columbian North America. It might have been a curio or souvenir of the nineteenth century if it was not a hoax.

An 1891 OOPArt found in Illinois Coal
According to the World Coal Association, the process responsible for coal formation began 360 to 290 million years ago. With this in mind, finding any human artifacts within this ancient substance is impossible. Incredibly, many items have reportedly been found in such deposits, either inside the coal itself or deep down within coal veins found in mines that have been tunneled out far beneath the Earth's surface. OOPArts found in coal and stone are some of the strangest unexplained artifacts.

The Morrisonville Times, an Illinois newspaper, reported on June 11, 1891, the unusual discovery of a modern artifact found embedded in a lump of coal that had originated from a Southern Illinois mine, which the Illinois State Geological Survey said had formed between 320 and 260 million years ago, at some time during the Carboniferous Period (about 359 to 299 million years ago) or the Permian Period (about 299–252 million years ago). 

The bizarre report printed as follows:

"A curious find was brought to light by Mrs. S.W. Culp last Tuesday morning. As she was breaking a lump of coal preparatory to putting it in the scuttle, she discovered, as the lump fell apart, embedded in a circular shape a small gold chain about ten inches in length of antique and quaint workmanship."

According to the report, Mrs. Culp initially suspected that the chain must have accidentally been dropped into the coal container. However, as she picked up the chain, she saw that it was still attached to the coal itself.

No picture of the delicate gold chain exists.

The news article read:

"The idea of its having been recently dropped was at once made fallacious, for as the lump of coal broke, it separated almost in the middle, and the circular position of the chain placed the two ends near to each other; and as the lump separated, the middle of the chain became loosened while each end remained fastened to the coal."

Finding a human artifact such as this, with the possibility of being crafted hundreds of millions of years ago, raises the most unlikely of questions, should we choose to accept that the object was actually located inside the coal as reported and not simply discovered alongside it and the geological age of coal itself has been accurately dated. Should these two factors prove correct as they initially appear, one must question civilized man's place in history.

An examination of the item clearly displayed some hard fragments of the coal that still clung on to the links of the chain, while the part of the coal that had broken apart also bore the distinct impression of where the chain had been encased in it. True or false, this is still a part of Illinois history!

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.