A very rare set of four Pre-World's Columbian Exposition postal cards from 1892, Chicago.

Below is a very rare complete set of four unused pre-Columbian postal cards. Published by the American Lithographic Company, New York. 

This complete set of four postal cards, from my personal collection, was issued in mid-1892 to invite world leaders and VIPs to the dedication ceremonies (held on October 21, 1892, even though the fairgrounds were not completed), and welcome them to the opening day of the World's Fair on May 1, 1893.

The official World's Fair seal is not present on these
four postal cards which included 1¢ postage.

When the fair opened in 1893, a set of 10 postal cards, 2 more were quickly added, for a 12-card set, which was the first commercially produced postcards to be sold to the general public in the United States.

Courtesy of my "Chicago Postcard Museum." 

Pre-World's Columbian Exposition 1893 - U.S. Naval Exhibit

Pre-World's Columbian Exposition 1893 - Fisheries Building

Pre-World's Columbian Exposition 1893 - Woman's Building

About the S.C. Skipton Stamp. Mr. Skipton was the first Editor of the Philatelic Journal of Great Britain. He was a rabid collector of postage stamps from around the world. Mr. Skipton always had a fondness for British stamps. During the last ten years of his life, he accumulated what may be considered the finest collection of the world's rarest postcards, in Great Britain, numbering over fifteen thousand specimens. Mr. Skipton used the ink stamp above to press on one of the postcards in each set he owned.

Pre-World's Columbian Exposition 1893 - Agricultural Building

The Back of the Pre-World's Columbian Exposition 1893 Postal Cards

Copyright © Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

Women of Influence - Babette Mandel (1842-1945), Shaping Chicago History.

Babette Mandel around the
time of her wedding, 1871.

Babette Mandel, Great-niece of Michael Reese and wife of one of the founder of Mandel Brothers department store, came to Chicago at the age of four and grew up to become one of the foremost woman philanthropists of Chicago.

Her parents, Emanuel Frank and Elise Reese Frank, left Aufhausen in Bavaria in the summer of 1846, drawn by hopes of greater prosperity.

Michael Reese, an uncle then living in California, encouraged them to come to America and set aside funds for their support. After a journey by ship and stagecoach that took several weeks, the Franks and their ten children arrived in Chicago on Yom Kippur.

The family settled in a house on Clark Street north of Madison. Sadly, in 1855 Emanuel Frank was killed in an accident, and though she excelled at school, Babette was forced to spend much of her childhood helping to maintain the household.

On April 18, 1871, when she was 29, Babette married Emanuel Mandel. Emanuel’s brothers, Leon and Simon, had founded a dry goods store with Leon Klein in 1855. The business was reorganized as the Mandel Brothers store when Klein retired and Emanuel was brought in as a third partner.

The Mandel Brothers store was then located near Clark and Van Buren Streets. When the Chicago Fire destroyed the building in October 1871, just six months after Emanuel and Babette were married, the Mandels re-established their store on the South Side. 

In 1875 they moved to the Colonnade Building on State and Madison, owned by Marshall Field. Intent on building up State Street, Field persuaded the Mandels to stay by means of a generous, long-term lease, and soon the business was flourishing again. 

The Mandels were active members of Sinai Temple, and in 1888, at a meeting held at Sinai, Leon and Emanuel were among those who pledged money to found the Jewish Manual Training School (later the Jewish Training School). The idea behind the School was to give immigrants manual skills that would enable them to support themselves, while also promoting Americanization. Located on the West Side, the School taught cooking, sewing, woodworking, English and citizenship to Eastern European immigrants.

Babette Mandel was prominent among those who organized the School, at first serving as a director, and then as its president. The Jewish Training School closed in 1912; the inrush of immigrants that had made it so essential was largely over by then.

Chicago Lying-In Hospital and Dispensary was founded in 1895 with the help of Babette Mandel. She also served on its board. This was a maternity clinic at first housed in four rooms on Maxwell Street. It was later renamed the Chicago Maternity Center.

Inspired by the success of Hull House, Mrs. Mandel and others established the Maxwell Street Settlement in 1893 as a cultural center for newlyarrived Jewish immigrants. 

Babette Mandel was a leader in many other organizations as well: Chicago Women’s Aid, Sarah Greenebaum Lodge (United Order of True Sisters), the Chicago Section of the [National] Council of Jewish Women, and others. 

The achievement she is best known for, however, is the establishment of the West Side Dispensary in 1903. Originally opened in 1899 at Clinton and Judd Streets, this building was inadequate, and Babette Mandel gave $10,000 to reestablish it at Maxwell and Morgan Streets. Most of the patients were Russian or East European immigrants from the West Side. In 1910, she again gave a large sum of money to establish the Dispensary in new quartersand at this time, the Dispensary was dedicated to the memory of her husband, Emanuel Mandel, who had died in an accident in 1908. Mrs. Mandel continued to support the clinic with large gifts over the years, and in 1928 it was incorporated into Michael Reese Hospital as the Emanuel and Babette Mandel Clinic. 

Most of Babette Mandel’s charity work was carried out while she raised their three children: Frank, Edwin, and Rose. When she died on March 12, 1945, she left $50,000 to the Jewish Charities of Chicago and $25,000 each to Michael Reese Hospital and the Chicago Maternity Center, among other bequests. 

Her son Edwin became president of Mandel Brothers department store and was also president of Michael Reese Hospital. In 1960, Mandel Brothers was sold to the Weiboldt Corporation, which closed the store in the late 1970s or early 80s.

At a time when women were not expected to work outside the home, Babette Mandel, like many women of her generation, found a vocation and purpose that allowed her to extend her role as mother beyond the confines of the home. Her significance lies in the way she used her position of wealth and privilege to help the Jewish community at a time when immigrants were in desperate need.

Compiled by Neil Gale, Ph.D.

WWI Machine Gun Company, Chicago Regiment of Colored Soldiers, 8th Illinois Infantry.

WWI Machine Gun Company, Chicago Regiment of Colored Soldiers, 8th Illinois Infantry.

The Jewish Industrial and Manual Training School of Chicago.

The Jewish (sometimes written as Hebrew) Industrial and Manual Training School of Chicago, 554 W. 12th Place, Chicago, Illinois.

The Occident (American Jewish Advocate Monthly Periodical) - May 25, 1888.

THE BEGINNING
Monday evening, May 21, 1888, the newly elected board of directors met according to a call at the Sinai Temple's vestry rooms to elect executive officers for the ensuing term. Mr. Chas. Schwab was nominated for president and was unanimously elected. The secretary was instructed to cast one ballot for Mrs. Martin Bache for vice-president. Mr. J. L. Gatzert was nominated for treasurer and received the entire vote (his bond with two endorsements to be $50,000). Mr. Henry Greenebaum was next unanimously chosen as the corresponding secretary. Madame Joseph Spiegel received the unanimous vote for financial secretary.

Occident (American Jewish Advocate Monthly Periodical)   

November 13, 1891   

A VISIT TO THE JEWISH TRAINING SCHOOL
A magnificent institution richly endowed by Leon Mandel and the Jews of Chicago by voluntary contributions, situated on Judd between Clinton and Jefferson streets and in the midst of the Russian-Polish settlements; containing now some eight hundred children of both sexes and under the superintendency of Prof. Gabriel Bamberger.

The editor of The Occident paid a brief visit to this School last week and was most agreeably impressed with the system, order, decorum and general arrangement of the School, which is destined to reform and improve the new generation of these helpless people, who were driven from their homes and firesides in Russia. We noticed many interesting features that exhibit the acumen of a thorough pedagogue and, by progressive instruction, lead the hands and minds into channels of practical knowledge, even the youngest children from 3 to 5 years of age. A corps of able assistant teachers are at work in carrying out the discipline and systematic studies, which are so greatly simplified and improved that nothing can impede the acquisition of all elementary branches of education. It is not only a pleasure to observe the deft hands of those children in their work but one of the greatest blessings that humanity is capable of bestowing upon their less favored brethren. 

Eighteen spacious school rooms are now fully occupied by these children. From the most infantile apartments to the most advanced and higher branches of tuition, this School is a model. The manual training department is, however, the great aim and is destined to make the pupils not only self-sustaining in after years but useful members of society. The English language only is used. The kindergarten for the infantile is one of the most inductive of its character in our city. The sewing, dress-making, embroidering, mending and repairing departments are well nigh perfect. The modeling and designing in the clay department is a feature that in our youth was not known except in schools of art and sculpture, but even this is a part of this School to bring out all the genius and talent that children and youth possess. The greatest facilities are given in this School, and great care is taken in giving children physical exercise through gymnastics and calisthenics.

The ventilation and heating of the rooms are perfect. The scholar of this institution, when he graduates, may retain a record of his work from the day he enters until he leaves the institution. Professor Bamberger is the patentee of a triangular pencil used in this School and other institutions in this country, which has entirely supplanted the slate. It does away with smut and avoids the crating and scratching so annoying to many. Altogether, this Jewish Training School is a model of its kind in the Far West.

HISTORY
The School was founded with a generous grant of $20,000 from Mr. Leon Mandel in May of 1888 to maintain a kindergarten for children too young to attend public School, a kitchen garden and a sewing school for girls more advanced in years and particularly a manual training school where boys may learn to love work, find out for what kind of work they are best fitted, and receive that preparation and assistance which will make them intelligent, skillful, competent workmen, in that department best adapted to their abilities. It was a manual training school, not a trade school, where pupils received an excellent general education.

The School was a beautiful four-story building designed by Adler and Sullivan, made possible by private donations, located on Judd Street between Clinton and Jefferson, in the immediate neighborhood where most of the children lived.

The Russian Jews emigrated to Chicago in large numbers in the 1880s, and the purpose of the Jewish Training School was to teach the English language and familiarize the new arrivals with American methods and institutions. The School's curriculum was designed to equip the sons and daughters of the Jewish poor with the power of making a healthy, honest and honorable livelihood and with the desire of living in a respectable and self-respecting manner.

For economic and religious reasons, the newly arrived Russian Jews huddled together in what became known as the Ghetto until a city within a city was built up where, if the building had been removed, each person would have less than a square yard upon which to stand. Centuries of persecution and restrictions in occupations had rendered the newcomers unfit to grapple with the conditions under which they now lived.

The School's curriculum was based upon corrective measures and training in handwork.

Sewing class in 1892 at the Hebrew Manual Training School in Chicago, Illinois.

From its founding, the Jewish Training School accepted boys and girls, and one goal was to place before these children as many elementary trade activities as possible in order to find out their bent and then encourage and direct them along lines which their natural abilities seemed to trend. The academic work was to be as practical as possible and to be brought in touch with the handwork. For the girls, the School sought to connect them with the domestic and commercial worlds. The School building was destroyed by fire in 1953.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

#JewishThemed #JewishLife

W.C. Ritchie & Company, Chicago, Illinois. Fiber powder containers for World War I Ammunition.

Women working in ordnance plants in World War I: making fiber powder containers for 3" Stokes gun ammunition. Women crimping top on fibre containers at W.C. Ritchie & Co., Chicago, Illinois.

This manufacturer of paper boxes, founded by the Canadian-born William C. Ritchie, began to operate in Chicago in 1866 as Ritchie & Duck. Its name became W. C. Ritchie & Co. in 1881. By 1910, the company employed 1,100 workers at two Chicago box plants; it also owned a factory in nearby Aurora. Women working in the WWI effort, circa 1915. 

In 1955, W. C. Ritchie was purchased by the Stone Container Corp., another Chicago-based paper box manufacturer. 

Compiled by Neil Gale, Ph.D.