The Lunchtime Theater - Illinois Railway Museum's Railroad Crossing Signals.

THE DIGITAL RESEARCH LIBRARY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY JOURNAL™ PRESENTS

THE LUNCHTIME THEATER.

Illinois Railway Museum's Railroad Crossing Signals.

The 1893 Chicago World's Columbian Exposition Observation (Ferris) Wheel.

The original Ferris Wheel, sometimes called the Observation Wheel or the Chicago Wheel, was designed and constructed by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. and was the centerpiece of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. 

Both Ferris and his associate W. F. Gronau recognized the engineering marvel the wheel represented: a giant wheel that would turn slowly and smoothly without structural failure had never before been attempted.

For its inaugural run, no cars had yet been attached. The workmen, however, climbed the structure and settled themselves on the spokes to the accompaniment of cheers from an audience of fair employees who had gathered to watch the momentous event. After the wheel had completed its first rotation, Gronau deemed the test a success. "I could have yelled out loud for joy."

Ferris himself had not been able to attend the launching of his invention. I received a telegram that evening: "The last coupling and final adjustment were made, and the steam turned on at six o’clock this evening. One complete revolution of the big wheel made everything work satisfactorily. Twenty minutes were taken for the revolution ─ I congratulate you upon its complete success midway is wildly enthusiastic."

The Ferris Wheel's statistics begin with the two 250-foot Wheels with 36 enclosed passenger cars hanging between them. The size of streetcars ─ 27 feet long, 13 feet wide, and 9 feet high ─ with large observation windows barred by iron safety gratings, each car was fitted with 40 swivel chairs and had room for 20 more standing passengers for 60 passengers. 

The Wheel rotated on a 142,351 pound (71 tons), 45½ foot axle comprising what was, at that time, the world's largest 'hollow forged' axle weighing 89,320 pounds, together with two 16-foot-diameter cast-iron spiders, for the spokes, weighing in at 53,031 pounds.

Each car weighed 26,000 pounds (13 tons). Stepped platforms at the Wheel's base enabled six cars to be loaded and unloaded at a time. Fully loaded, the Wheel's maximum capacity was an astounding 2,160 passengers. Each car carried a World's Fair employee to monitor the passengers' health and well-being.

The Ferris Wheel took 20 minutes to make two revolutions (your ride), the first involving six stops to allow passengers to exit and enter and the second a nine-minute non-stop rotation, for which the ticket holder paid 50¢... the exact cost as the entrance fee to the World's Fair.

Steps to the platform to enter and exit the Ferris wheel, six cars at a time.

Note the American Banners draped under the Ferris wheel car's windows. 

It was instantly hailed as the "Eighth Wonder of the World."

In 1893, skyscrapers were in their infancy. The 264-foot-high Ferris Wheel stood just a bit shorter than the tallest building in North America then, Chicago's Masonic Temple, completed in 1892, which was 302 feet high (demolished in 1939).

The Wheel was outlined at night by 1,400 light bulbs and reportedly could be seen from 50 miles away.

The wheel closed in April 1894 and was then dismantled and stored until the following year, when it was rebuilt for the opening of Ferris Wheel Park in 1896. Ferris Wheel Park was located in Chicago's Park West neighborhood of the Lincoln Park community at 1288 North Clark Street (today: 2600 block of North Clark Street).

ACTUAL FILM FOOTAGE

A Lumière Film: Chicago. Grande Roue (1896)

The Ferris Wheel at Ferris Wheel Park.

Next, it was dismantled and rebuilt for a third and final time for the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri. It was demolished there in 1906 and is rumored to have been blown up and buried in Forest Park in the City of St. Louis.

The 1893 Ferris Wheel axle's burial site was finally found in 2007 at the St. Louis 1904 World's Fair Grounds.

By Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.

---

For an in-depth history of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition's Midway Plaisance (the birth of the amusement park), where the Ferris wheel was the main attraction, check out my book "The Midway Plaisance at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago."

My Digital Research Library of Illinois History® is the most extensive collection of 1893 World's Fair antique books, documents, and research papers online at the 1893 World's Fair  Library.

The Lunchtime Theater - Chicago Memorial Day Massacre of 1937, in two parts.

THE DIGITAL RESEARCH LIBRARY OF ILLINOIS HISTORY JOURNAL™ PRESENTS

THE LUNCHTIME THEATER.

Chicago Memorial Day Massacre of 1937 - part 1

Chicago Memorial Day Massacre of 1937 - part 2

In the Memorial Day massacre of 1937, the Chicago Police Department shot and killed ten unarmed demonstrators in Chicago, on May 30, 1937. The incident took place during the "Little Steel Strike" in the United States. The incident arose after U.S. Steel signed a union contract but smaller steel manufacturers (called 'Little Steel'), including Republic Steel, refused to do so. In protest, the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC) of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) called a strike.

On Memorial Day, hundreds of sympathizers gathered at Sam's Place, headquarters of the SWOC. As the crowd marched across the prairie towards the Republic Steel mill, a line of Chicago policemen blocked their path. The foremost protesters argued their right to continue. The police, feeling threatened, fired on the crowd. As the crowd fled, police bullets killed 10 people and injured 30. Nine people were permanently disabled and another 28 had serious head injuries from police clubbing plus another 100 others were badly beaten with clubs.

Years later, one of the protesters, Mollie West, recalled a policeman yelling to her that day, "Get off the field or I'll put a bullet in your back." No policemen were ever prosecuted.

A Coroner's Jury declared the killings to be "justifiable homicide". The press often called it a labor or red riot. President Roosevelt responded to a union plea, "The majority of people are saying just one thing, {A plague on both your houses}." In the wake of the massacre, the newsreel of the event was suppressed for fear of creating, in the words of an official at Paramount News agency, "mass hysteria."

Today, on the site of Sam's Place stands the union hall of the United Steelworkers and a memorial to the 10 people who died in 1937.