The Carl Linnaeus Sculpture in the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe, Illinois.

The figure of Carl (Carolus) Linnaeus [1] (1701-1778) looms large in the history of science and is appropriately placed in the 'Heritage Garden' at the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe, Illinois.

Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, formalized the modern system of naming organisms (plants and animals) called binomial nomenclature which is still in use today. He is known by the epithet "father of modern taxonomy."

Carl Linnaeus - aka: Carl von Linné

He is shown reaching eagerly toward the plants in his path with a collector’s enthusiasm. The prominent bird in the sculpture — a golden plover, which can fly for thousands of miles — refers to the many students of Linnaeus who traveled the globe collecting plants for him to name.

This plaque was been updated to include: "Linnaeus also applied this system to humans, without any scientific basis. He categorized humans based on race and assigned negative behavioral traits to Africans and other nonwhites. This system has been used to promote slavery and other racial injustices throughout history."

A brief history of the Chicago Botanic Garden

The Chicago Botanic Garden traces its origins back to the Chicago Horticultural Society, founded in 1890. Using the motto "Urbs in Horto," meaning "city in a garden," the Society hosted nationally recognized flower and horticultural shows; its third was the World's Columbian Exposition Chrysanthemum Show, held in October of 1893 in conjunction with Chicago's World's Fair. 

After a period of inactivity, the Chicago Horticultural Society was restarted in 1943. In 1962, its modern history began when the Society agreed to help create and manage a new public garden. With the groundbreaking for the Chicago Botanic Garden in 1965 and its opening in 1972, the Society created a permanent site on which to carry out its mission. The Garden today is an example of a successful public-private partnership. It is owned by the Forest Preserve District of Cook County, located in Glencoe and operated by the Chicago Horticultural Society.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

[1] Carl Linnaeus also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné. Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus (after 1761 Carolus a Linné).

The History of the Heald Square Monument at Wacker Drive and Wabash Avenue in Chicago, Illinois.

Chicago's Heald Square is named for Nathan Heald, an officer in the United States Army during the War of 1812 who was in charge of Fort Dearborn during the Fort Dearborn Massacre on August 15, 1812. Heald Square became part of the Chicago Park District in 1934, but the ownership was transferred to the City of Chicago in 1959.

Lorado Taft's, Heald Square Monument is an 11-foot high bronze image of three Revolutionary War heroes standing on a six-foot-high granite base on Lower Wacker Drive, between Wabash and State Street, on the south side of the Chicago River.

George Washington is the central figure and is flanked by Haym Salomon on his left and Robert Morris on his right.

Robert Morris was a very wealthy and prominent businessman in Philadelphia. In 1776, he loaned $10,000 of his own money to the government when the Continental Army lacked the funds to continue fighting the war. He devised a plan for a National bank and submitted it to Congress in 1781. Morris was one of only two patriots to sign all three of the important founding documents of the United States: The Declaration of Independence, The Articles of Confederation, and The United States Constitution.

Haym Salomon was born in Leszno, Poland, in 1740. His parents had been driven out of what is now Portugal by anti-Semitic laws decreed by the monarchy. When Salomon was a young man, he fled to Holland during a period of mob violence against Jews. Salomon immigrated to New York City in 1775 and became a financial broker. He sympathized with the anti-British forces and joined the Sons of Liberty. Salomon opened an office as a dealer of bills of exchange, bonds sold to provide funds for the Revolutionary War effort, and arranged for a loan to help George Washington pay his soldiers. Salomon and Morris collaborated to become effective brokers of bills of exchange to meet federal government expenses. Unfortunately, Salomon died penniless shortly after the Revolutionary War, having donated everything he owned to the war effort.

The scourge of anti-Semitism invaded the United States after the Civil War and reached its peak in the 1930s when more than one hundred anti-Jewish groups were organized. Barnet Hodes, a Chicago attorney and head of the Chicago Department of Law, led an attempt to curb the rise of Anti-Semitism in Chicago when he created the Patriotic Foundation of Chicago on July 4, 1936. Hodes defined the purpose of the foundation: "...the erection in Chicago of an appropriate memorial symbolizing the cooperation that George Washington received from Haym Salomon and Robert Morris.”

Hodes, of Polish Jewish heritage, had read about the financial contributions that Jewish patriot Haym Salomon had made to the American Revolution and planned to honor him. However, Hodes felt that a commemorative statue of Salomon standing alone would not deliver the message of intercultural cooperation as effectively as a sculpture with non-Jewish patriots like George Washington and Robert Morris.

Barnet Hodes chose Lorado Taft to design the Heald Square Monument, and a campaign to raise $50,000 to complete the project was launched. Taft completed a small study model of the monument that depicted Robert Morris and Haym Salomon standing hand-in-hand with George Washington. Taft, unfortunately, died in 1936, but his work was completed by three of his students, Leonard Crunelle, Nellie Walker, and Mary Webster.

The inscription on the base of the sculpture is a quote from George Washington who based his comments on part of a letter written in 1790 by Moses Seixas, a member of a Newport, Rhode Island, Hebrew congregation. It reads: “The government of the United States which gives to bigotry no sanction to persecution no assistance requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens in giving it in all occasions their effectual support.”

Taft designed this bronze plaque with a seated Statue of Liberty stretching out her arms to welcome all people no matter their race and beliefs. It is on the back of the base of the monument.

The Heald Square Monument was dedicated on December 15, 1941. The date was chosen to coincide with Bill of Rights Day, a nationwide celebration of the 150th anniversary of the adoption of the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. The fact that Pearl Harbor had been attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, added additional significance to the dedication ceremonies. Barnet Hodes formally presented the Heald Square Monument to the City of Chicago and said: “Robert Morris and Haym Salomon tell us that civilian cooperation and civilian sacrifice with the military and naval forces were no less important in the first days of our Republic than it is today. Joined with indomitable Washington, they will stand here to remind us that America became America we love because there was that working together between civilians and soldiers without which no war can be won. It is the fervent hope of those who made this monument possible that all who see it, today and through the years to come, will catch from it and be constantly inspired by this crucial lesson from the past.”

The Heald Square Monument became the first sculpture designated as a Chicago Landmark by the Chicago City Council on September 15, 1971.

Compiled by Neil Gale, Ph.D.