Saturday, September 15, 2018

The Bloody Autumn at Nauvoo (Mormon Town), Illinois in 1845.


In historical writing and analysis, PRESENTISM introduces present-day ideas and perspectives into depictions or interpretations of the past. Presentism is a form of cultural bias that creates a distorted understanding of the subject matter. Reading modern notions of morality into the past is committing the error of presentism. Historical accounts are written by people and can be slanted, so I try my hardest to present fact-based and well-researched articles.

Facts don't require one's approval or acceptance.

I present [PG-13] articles without regard to race, color, political party, or religious beliefs, including Atheism, national origin, citizenship status, gender, LGBTQ+ status, disability, military status, or educational level. What I present are facts — NOT Alternative Facts — about the subject. You won't find articles or readers' comments that spread rumors, lies, hateful statements, and people instigating arguments or fights.

FOR HISTORICAL CLARITY
When I write about the INDIGENOUS PEOPLE, I follow this historical terminology:
  • The use of old commonly used terms, disrespectful today, i.e., REDMAN or REDMEN, SAVAGES, and HALF-BREED are explained in this article.
Writing about AFRICAN-AMERICAN history, I follow these race terms:
  • "NEGRO" was the term used until the mid-1960s.
  • "BLACK" started being used in the mid-1960s.
  • "AFRICAN-AMERICAN" [Afro-American] began usage in the late 1980s.

— PLEASE PRACTICE HISTORICISM 
THE INTERPRETATION OF THE PAST IN ITS OWN CONTEXT.
 


Joseph Smith, who founded the Mormon Church in 1830, lived with his followers in Missouri, where they had various conflicts with locals, including an armed skirmish with the state militia. In 1838, Governor Lilburn Boggs signed a military order directing that the Mormons be expelled or exterminated: "The Mormons must be treated as enemies and must be driven from the state or exterminated, if necessary, for the public good."
Smith and the Mormons fled across the Mississippi to Nauvoo, Illinois (aka Mormon Town), quickly becoming the second most populous town in the 1840s. The population was such that Nauvoo rivaled Chicago for the "biggest city in Illinois." One statistical comparison is that in the fall of 1845, Nauvoo's violent crime rate likely surpassed Chicago's.
Nauvoo: The Mormon Temple is in the background. Date unknown.
In 1845, crime in Chicago was such that the city had only four men responsible for keeping the peace: one marshal and three assistants. The Nauvoo police force, in January of 1845, numbered 500 men. While there were extenuating circumstances in Nauvoo necessitating many peacekeepers, in the fall of 1845, Nauvoo's policemen were often the source of violent crime.

There were conflicts and tensions in Nauvoo as well. When a local newspaper printed editorials claiming that the religious leader was a fraud, Smith sent a group of followers to destroy the newspaper office. He was then arrested and sent to jail, where a lynch mob tracked him down and killed him.
The Mormon Temple in Nauvoo, Illinois. c.1845
Brigham Young quickly took command of the church and its followers and tried to stifle dissent and banish his rivals. The killing of Phineas Wilcox was part of his consolidation of power. 

In his book, One Nation Under Gods, Richard Abanes details some of these events from September 1845. He writes:
“A halt to the violent conflict between Mormons and anti-Mormons lasted but a brief period of time after Smith was killed. Armed mobs of Illinoisans, incited by endless newspaper articles covering Mormon issues, soon began to conduct raids against isolated church settlements. Mormons were threatened, Latter-day Saints' homes were burned, rumors about various Mormon atrocities circulated, and militias were called out by the governor. Church dissenters and critics, meanwhile, continued to expose aspects of Mormonism that church leaders did not want revealed. The Saints retaliated with verbal intimidation, religious condemnation, and acts of physical violence… More disturbing were the many murders, vicious beatings, and intimidating assaults perpetrated by the Nauvoo police against perceived enemies of the church. Policeman Alan J. Stout summed up the rational of the Saints on these matters, explaining that to his mind such activity was nothing more than avenging the blood of Joseph and Hyrum. In reference to the Mormon dissenters remaining in Nauvoo, Stout expressed a common sentiment: ‘I feel like cutting their throats.’” 
Here are just a few accounts of those violent crimes from September of 1845:

On September 14, the Nauvoo police had three men flogged because they were not in good fellowship with the church.

On September 16, Phineas Wilcox was stabbed to death by fellow Mormons in Nauvoo because he was believed to be a Christian spy. Wilcox was last seen as he was led toward the Masonic Hall by three Mormons. Wilcox's stepfather, Orrin Rhodes, inquired after him and searched for him for a week, concluding, "Wilcox has been murdered by… Mormons."
Phineas Wilcox
Frank Worrell, a Carthage Jail guard who failed to protect Joseph Smith, was murdered on September 16 and shot out of his saddle by Porter Rockwell.

Again on September 16, Rockwell also killed four unnamed "anti-Mormons" at Highland Branch, near Warsaw.

Andrew Daubenheyer disappeared on the road to Carthage on September 18. He was later found buried in a shallow grave near a campsite on the Carthage road "with a musket ball through the back of his head." In due time Daubenheyer was given a proper burial with a headstone that reads, "Killed by the Mormons."
The Andrew Daubenheyer Headstone.
Later in September, "several Saints captured a young man called McBracking," accused of burning Mormon homes. McBracking's friends found his body the next day and reported, "After shooting him in two or three places, they cut his throat from ear to ear, stabbed him through the heart, cut off one ear & horribly mutilated other parts of his body."

Mormon apostles Heber C. Kimball and Orson Hyde ordered the killing of apostate Lambert Symes, who subsequently "disappeared without a trace."

Nauvoo's bloody autumn of 1845 could have been much worse, but as it was, it clearly demonstrated that the Mormons and non-Mormons of Hancock County would never learn to live together in peace. "Therefore," wrote Brigham Young, "we propose to leave this county next spring, for some point so remote, that there will not need to be a difficulty with the people and ourselves…." 

Tensions with other communities continued to escalate, and a year later, over 2,000 armed anti-Mormons marched on Nauvoo. Young decided it was no longer wise to stay in the area, leading his flock west in 1846. 

Completing a treacherous thousand-mile exodus, an ill and exhausted Brigham Young and fellow members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints arrived in Utah's Great Salt Lake Valley on July 24, 1847. 

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

Friday, September 14, 2018

The First-Ever Brownie was invented in Chicago by Bertha Palmer for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition.

Like Twinkies, deep-dish and pan pizzas, brownies were also born in Chicago. Credit for inventing the brownie goes to Bertha Honoré Palmer, Potter Palmer's wife. Here's what happened. The Board of Directors of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition contacted Mrs. Potter to ask her to concoct a delicious and transportable (eat while walking in the heat) dessert. Mrs. Potter went right to work in the Palmer House kitchen, brainstorming. 


Bertha Honoré Palmer
It was named the brownie, perhaps because of the deep dark chocolate color. Unlike other brownie recipes, which started appearing in 1904 and specified that butter and sugar were first creamed before being combined with a small amount of melted chocolate, the Palmer House brownie is made with more than a pound of melted chocolate and a pound of melted butter. The finished brownie is also lightly glazed with apricot jelly. 

A combination of chocolate fudge and brownie, crispy-chewy on the edges, ultra-dense and chocolatey. 

It's best served frozen or very cold… otherwise, gooey things happen.

THIS IS THE ORIGINAL 1893 RECIPE 

Over the years, the Palmer House made some tweaks and changes. You can see the differences in the Plamer House online recipe, no matter their claim that they are presenting the original recipe. THIS IS THE ORIGINAL RECIPE, verified via research. To experience what thousands of 1893 Fairgoers actually tasted for the first time in their lives, a chocolate brownie.

WARNING   If you deviate from this recipe the first time you make it, you will not know what it is supposed to taste like. 

The Famous Palmer House Fudge Brownie
A Modern Photograph of how the brownies look by following this ORIGINAL Palmer House Brownie recipe.
YIELD: About 24 brownies

ACTIVE TIME: 20 minutes

Brownie Ingredients
1 lb. plus 2 oz. OR (4 x 3.5-ounce bars) high-quality semi-sweet chocolate
1 lb. butter (1lb  = 2 cups OR 4 sticks)
12 oz. granulated sugar
8 oz. cake flour [1]
1 Tbsp baking powder
4 large whole eggs
1 lb crushed, toasted walnuts

Apricot Glaze Ingredients
1 cup of water
1 cup apricot preserves
1 envelope of unflavored gelatin powder (made from scratch in the Palmer kitchen)

NOTE:
If this is the first time baking this recipe, DO NOT CHANGE A THING or deviate from the recipe. If you make a change, you'll never know how it is meant to taste.

INSTRUCTIONS
MAKE BROWNIES: 
Melt chocolate with butter in a double boiler or heat-proof bowl suspended over very hot water. Mix dry ingredients in a mixing bowl (except walnuts.) Mix melted chocolate/butter mixture with dry ingredients. Whisk in eggs, one at a time, taking about 5 minutes of continuous whisking from the first egg to the last. Butter and flour a 9 x 12 baking dish. Preheat oven to 350°.F. Toast walnuts for about 15 minutes until fragrant. Lower oven temperature to 300° F. Chop walnuts and set them aside. Spread brownie batter into the prepared pan. It will be very liquid. Sprinkle the surface with the chopped walnuts, pressing down so that they are partly submerged. Bake in a 300° F oven for 45 to 50 minutes until the brownies have crisped on the edge of the pan–about 2 inches around the entire edge of the pan. The brownies in the center of the pan will remain slightly jiggly.

NOTE: 
When properly baked, these brownies will test "gooey" in the center with a toothpick test due to the richness of the batter. Remove brownies from the oven and cool on a rack for 30 minutes.

The brownies were served near frozen at the Fair, and Sitdown restaurants and cafes sold Mrs. Palmer's Brownies the same way ... ice cold.

Chef Stephen Henry says for the cleanest slices, freeze the brownies for three hours after glazing. Then cut, and serve while very firm and cold.

THE GLAZE: 
Mix water, preserves, and unflavored gelatin in a saucepan over medium heat. Whisk until boiling; heat at boiling for two minutes. While the glaze is still hot, spread a thick layer over the still-warm brownies. Cool completely. 

Place in the freezer for 3 to 4 hours. Slice and serve while very cold and firm.


Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. 


[1] What is the difference between "all-purpose flour" and "cake flour?"
Cake flour is a finely milled, delicate flour with a low protein content; it's usually bleached. When used in cakes, it results in a super-tender texture with a fine crumb and a good rise. Chiffon and angel food cake are two great examples of where cake flour really shines. The primary difference between cake flour and all-purpose (AP) flour is the protein content (which becomes gluten). The protein content of cake flour is about 8%, while the protein content of AP flour is slightly higher.

White City I, (1912-1918); Woodland Park, (1918-1921); White City II, (1921-1938), aka Dreamland Park, Springfield.

There were two amusement parks at 23rd Street and Capitol Avenue, in Springfield, Illinois, before the three Dreamland Parks. The first one was "White City" and then the short-lived "Woodland Park." The original White City was founded in 1912. It had a dance pavilion, baseball fields and other facilities but folded sometime before 1918. 

The second White City Park was located at 2425 East Cornell Avenue and opened in 1921. It was founded by Amos Duncan (1887-1945), a Black entrepreneur. The park had a roller coaster, a merry-go-round, a dance pavilion, and other kiddie attractions. It was popular with Negro residents of Springfield. 

The park was a major attraction for the black community during a time of segregation, as people came from as far as St. Louis and East St. Louis, arriving by rail, which ran directly into the park. The park catered to black organizations for picnics and festivals. Many activities took place on a regular basis, such as dances, live music, baseball games, rodeos, and picnics.

It's unsure exactly when the park's name was changed to Dreamland Park, which closed in the late 1930s during the Great Depression. 

Negro League baseball teams such as the Cincinnati Clowns and the Pittsburgh Steelers and the likes of Steel Arm Taylor and hall of fame pitcher Satchel Paige made several trips to play in Dreamland Park. 

The park became a major attraction, and large celebrations, lasting several days, were held on holidays such as the Fourth of July and Lincoln’s Birthday. By the mid-1930s, Dreamland Park started to decline as Amos Duncan ran into financial difficulties. 

Duncan sold the property to Ed White in 1938, but White was unable to successfully sustain the park.
The current Dreamland Park is located at 2300 Taylor Avenue and commemorates Duncan’s enterprise. It was added to the Springfield Park system in 1996. Land that was formerly Dreamland Park was dedicated by the Southeast High School to its new school grounds.
Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

Thursday, September 13, 2018

The Andreas Von Zirngibl Gravesite is Chicago’s Smallest Cemetery.

The smallest cemetery in the City of Chicago measures little more than 100 square feet and is located in the middle of the scrapyard for Sims Metal Management Recycling Center at 9331 S. Ewing Avenue in Chicago, Illinois.
Von Zirngibl was born in Bavaria on March 30, 1797. At 18, he went to war with the Prussian forces of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, a fearsome and much-respected field marshal who earned the nickname Marschall Vorwärts (Marshal Forward) due to his aggressive style of warfare.

Under Von Blücher, Von Zirngibl fought in the Battle of Waterloo, Belgium. During the famous defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, which the victorious Duke of Wellington called “the nearest-run thing you ever saw in your life,” the young Andreas lost the limb.

He returned to Bavaria, where he made a living as a fisherman on the Danube River. He married and he and his wife had five children. With a large family to care for and in search of new opportunities, Von Zirngibl moved to America. He and his family arrived in Chicago in 1854, which back then was a town of some 50,000 inhabitants. According to his descendants, he purchased 44 acres of land near the mouth of the Calumet River, at a total cost of $160 in gold.

Von Zirngibl built a shack on his marshy land and continued his trade as a fisherman, catching sturgeon, herring, perch, and pike in Lake Michigan. It could have been the start of an idyllic new life for Andreas and his family, but he caught a fever and died on August 21, 1855, just a year after his arrival in America.

In accordance with his final requests, Von Zirngibl was buried on his land. His widow and children placed a wooden marker on his grave and surrounded it with a white picket fence. His family moved to Chicago’s North Side but continued to tend to the site for many years. Then, in 1895, a land dispute threw everything into doubt.
Most of this story is told through the claims made by Von Zirngibl's descendants — 40 years after his death — in the case of Zirngibl vs. Calumet and Chicago Canal and Dock Co. In this 1895 Illinois Supreme Court case, the Zirngibls, who had apparently dropped the "Von," argued that the company had usurped their land and their ancestor's gravesite. The family said its deed for the property had been destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.

A story of big business cheating an immigrant family out of its land teemed with populist appeal, and the late Mike Royko even included the story in a 1967 column about industrialization in the Chicago Daily News. The problem is that parts of the tale — and no one can tell which parts — may be fabricated, according to Rod Sellers, a Washington High School social studies teacher and South Side history buff.
Von Zirngibl's gravesite in the middle os a scrapyard.
"It may have been a scam," he says. "My reading of it is that he [Von Zirngibl] was probably a squatter."

Justice David J. Baker, who wrote the court's opinion, cast a jaundiced eye at the Zirngibls' claims. For instance, he accused George Zirngibl, a son of Andreas Von Zirngibl, of lying on the stand. "We fear that his cupidity has unduly jogged his memory," he wrote. The judge also noted the tardiness of the Zirngibls' claim.

"It is remarkable," Baker wrote, "that during the years that they saw the forty acres change from an almost valueless swamp to a tract of land worth a million dollars, they made no attempt to profit from it."

Perhaps most damaging to the Zirngibls' claim of ownership was evidence that scores of other bodies were buried on the land. One witness, albeit 40 years after the fact, testified that Von Zirngibl had actually died in Whiting, Indiana and that his sons took him to the mouth of the Calumet to be buried.

Nonetheless, Baker did recognize the Zirngibls' dedication to the one-armed soldier's gravesite. In the end, the court ruled that the land belonged to Calumet and Chicago Canal and Dock, but awarded "to the widow and heirs the grave and the ground within the fence that encloses it, with the right of access to and egress from it."

The ruling ensured that any future owner of the land would have a property that included a cemetery on the land.
Andreas von Zirngibl’s gravesite and headstone.
Scrap Processing, owned by Cozzi Iron & Metal Inc., is only the latest in a long line of industrial operations that have owned the site. For most of this century, concrete mixers, dump trucks, and all sorts of industrial machinery have rumbled past Von Zirngibl's grave.
Andreas von Zirngibl's gravesite.
In 1987 the Southeast Historical Society, with the help of Henry Zirngibl, a descendant of Andreas Von Zirngibl, raised money to repair the rundown grave. The group placed a large concrete slab over the site and added a new granite headstone with an inscription that read, in part, "A Veteran of 1816 Battle of Waterloo," even though the battle took place on Sunday, 18 June 1815 near Waterloo in Belgium, part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands at the time. Around the gravesite, the Southeast Historical Society placed four massive concrete blocks to protect and mark the gravesite.

Compiled by Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

State Fair Amusement Park, or State Fair Kiddieland, Springfield, Illinois (c.1940-1992).

The State Fair Kiddieland lost its contract in 1992 says an article dated January 26, 1993. The State Fair Amusement Park, long known as Kiddieland, is getting a new look and a new name.
The State Fair Amusement Park Midway Entrance. Photo: 1992
Carnival Company Blomsness-Thebault, based in Crystal Lake, and Greenview businessman David Cramer have been given a five-year contract to develop "Adventure Village" in the former Kiddieland area, state fair manager Bud Hall said Monday.  The park will open in June or July after extensive renovations, Hall said. Eventually, it will operate in good weather, probably from May to October.
Cramer, a farmer, and former farm equipment dealer, resigned from the State Fair Advisory Board in December to undertake the venture. Cramer, reached Monday night in Ohio where he had a speaking engagement, said he had sold his implement dealership a year ago and "was looking for something to invest in and occupy my time." Blomsness-Thebault had indicated an interest in the Kiddieland theme park but they were concerned they didn't have anyone in the Springfield area to manage it. We decided it was a natural fit — they had experience in the amusement park business; I have a knowledge of Springfield's business community and business experience.
Major Ride - Sellner Tilt-A-Whirl. Photo: 1992
"The State Fair Amusement Park has been operated in the summer months and during the state fair for 18 years by John Holliday of Springfield and his daughter Donna. "It's almost like when someone has been ill a long time, and you know they're going to die and you're prepared, you think, but you're not," said Donna Holliday, who learned Blomsness-Thebault won the contract Monday afternoon. "It's very hard to lose but hopefully we lost with dignity." Blomsness-Thebault Enterprises has already been given a one-year ride contract for Happy Hollow, replacing longtime operator Rod Link. One bonus in having Blomsness-Thebault operate both Happy Hollow and Kiddieland, Hall said, is that for the first time tickets and unlimited-ride wristbands will be honored in both areas. The Blomsness-Thebault-Cramer park was designed by J.R. Minick & Associates, a Texas firm that has worked with Six Flags, Disney Corp., and other major parks, Hall said.
Kiddie Ride - AH Hi-Lo Kiddie Coaster. Photo: 1992
Changes in the park included: 
- Expanding boundaries by 20 percent into the nearby playground area, bringing the amusement park area to 3.8 acres.

- New landscaping, including grassy areas, planters, and new blacktop throughout. 

- Construction of new entrances, restrooms, a concession area with patio, and new fencing. The main entrance will be shifted to the northeast corner, closer to the Giant Slide. 

- Bringing in 12 new or almost-new rides, including a Huntington Train, able to seat adults as well as children, Jungle of Fun (with climbing ropes, punching-type bags, play area filled with balls), giant inflatable jumping pillow, Yo-Yo (a spinning swing-type ride), Apple Ride, Go-Gator and Spider Ride. 

- Rides similar to those in the current amusement area include a carousel, Tilt-a-Whirl, child-scaled Ferris wheel, bumper cars, and mini-boat and mini-motorcycle ride. A second Ferris wheel will be brought in this year during the state fair in honor of the 100th anniversary of Jacksonville manufacturer Eli Bridge Co. 

- Other rides will be brought in during the state fair and if future demand warrants it in the off-season, Hall said. There will also be games of chance and concessions. 

- The bumper-boat area will be restored to its former use as a decorative fountain. 

- Ride prices will range from $1 to $1.50, with some one-price promotions during the fair and "economically attractive" packages for companies, schools and other groups. 
Trains - (3) G-16 Locomotives (16 gauge) with a total of (10) coaches and one"Calf" auxiliary power unit. 2/3 mile of track with signals, switches, etc. Photo: 1992
The company will reach out to special-needs groups including the disadvantaged, co-owner Jeff Blomsness said in a prepared statement. Not included in the new area are such past attractions as go-karts, bumper boats, pony ride, and a petting zoo. The bumper boats were "very, very popular," Donna Holliday said, generating an estimated $8,000 of the $35,944 the amusement park paid the fair during last year's nine-day run.  Additional off-season revenue brought the state's take to around $40,000 last season, she said. Blomsness-Thebault will pay the fair a flat $32,000 for this year's 10-day fair, plus 17 percent of revenue during the off-season, Hall said. "It's about the same, just a little less," than the current contract, said Hall. "They will be standing the cost of repairing the fountain," which will be substantial, he said.
Kiddie Ride - AH Wet Boats. Photo: 1992
Cramer said his partnership would be investing in the neighborhood of $1 million in the fairgrounds. The Hollidays, who had operated on renewable one-year contracts, were given 60 days to remove the current rides and buildings. Cramer resigned from the fair's advisory board shortly after a meeting with Blomsness-Thebault in December, he said. "Anyone who knows my business background knows I go out of my way to do things above board," he said. "I'm sure some people will question this type of thing, but I feel comfortable with it. Everyone had an opportunity to make a proposal. I asked to be treated as an outsider."  He was not even aware there were only two final proposals, he said. The Hollidays also submitted a proposal for revamping the area, Donna Holliday said. Their proposal called for new landscaping and giving the area more of an agriculture theme, with a working mini-grain elevator and stockyards, with animals for petting, she said. The same 13 rides would have stayed, plus the pony rides during the fair itself. Advisory board vice-chairman John Slayton said the new park will "sell itself upon completion... I think it's very good for the fair and good for Springfield."
Major Ride - Big Eli No.5 Ferris Wheel. Photo: 1992
The final proposals were reviewed by Slayton, Agriculture Director Becky Doyle, advisory board member Paul Briney, and top fair staffers. Personally, Slayton said he had concerns about not continuing with the Hollidays because of their long connection with the fair, "but the proposals were like night and day. Everything was just very impressive," about the Blomsness-Thebault-Cramer proposal, he said. Blomsness-Thebault is a quality operation and should develop a good park, Holliday said. But she questioned the extension to January 15th given the company to submit a proposal. "I sent my certified mail and it arrived December 15th," the original date for proposals, she said.
Eleven JOHNSON Go Carts. 1991-92 Honda 5 hp. gas engines. Photo: 1992
The fair placed an ad in trade publications seeking proposals for the area, and all were given the later January 15th deadline, Hall said. Several, including Link's company and fair regular Sutter's Taffy, seriously reviewed the fair's plan for a mini-theme park and declined to submit a proposal, he said. Supporters of the current Holliday operation collected more than 1,000 petition signatures, which were given to various local officials in the fall, Holliday said. "It was very humbling" to have that kind of support, she said. The family most likely will sell the rides it has kept year-round on the fairgrounds, but no decision has been made, Holliday said. 
Kiddie Ride - Swing Ride. Photo: 1992
A newspaper article from April 9, 1993:
Work will begin on the new "Adventure Village" at the Illinois State Fairgrounds in May, following an agreement reached Thursday between fair officials and the longtime operators of Kiddieland. However, the Holliday family will continue to press a lawsuit seeking damages for the loss of the amusement park contract, said attorney Grady Holley. "That's going forward," he said. The agreement reached Thursday called for the Hollidays' rides, buildings, and equipment to be removed by May 1 from the southeast corner of the fairgrounds adjacent to Sangamon Avenue and Peoria Road. John Holliday, his wife Margery and daughter Donna had operated the children's ride area at the fairgrounds, informally known as Kiddieland, for 18 years. Their most recent contract expired last fall, with winter storage privileges, the terms of which have been in dispute.2
Major Ride - Eli Scrambler. Photo: 1992
In January, fair officials accepted the Adventure Village bid for a five-year contract to develop a new "mini-theme park" for the area over a proposal by the Hollidays. Construction was expected to begin on April 1st. In late March, John Holliday obtained a court order blocking the removal of their property by fair officials for 10 days. Donna and Margery Holliday also filed suit asking that the Adventure Village contract be thrown out on the basis of alleged deadline irregularities and a conflict of interest by one of the developers. The suit asks for damages in excess of $15,000 due to the loss of income from the fair contract. It also seeks legal fees and punitive damages. Adventure Village is being developed by Blomsness-Thebault, an amusement company based in suburban Chicago, in conjunction with Greenview businessman David Cramer, who was a member of the state fair's advisory board until December. It was a conflict of interest for Cramer to bid on the project, the Hollidays' suit contends. Blomsness-Thebault will try to have the new park ready for this year's fair, August 13-22, said fair spokesman Joe Khayyat. "This was a very unfortunate delay obviously," said Khayyat. "There will be every effort to have rides in that area by fair time, and hopefully complete development of the theme park." State fair manager Bud Hall said he met with developers Thursday and they were "fairly confident" the new park might still be ready sometime in July, for a few weeks of operation before the fair. The developers will be working from a plan designed by J.R. Minick & Associates, a Texas firm that has designed amusement areas for Six Flags and Disney. The new park will be 20 percent larger than Kiddieland, incorporating an additional 3.8 acres of the nearby playground area.
(9) RAINBOW INDUSTRIES Electric Rechargeable Bumper Boats. Photo: 1992
Plans call for 12 rides — possibly more during Fair time — which will still be aimed primarily at children between the ages of 2 and 12. The design calls for new landscaping, blacktop, new entrances, fencing, restrooms, and a concession area with a patio. One of the more costly parts of the estimated $600,000 renovation will be the restoration of the bumper-boat pond into a decorative fountain. Eventually, plans are to operate the Adventure Village area from May through October, weather permitting. Kiddieland also operated during the summer months but did the bulk of its business during the fair.
Carousel - 1950 Allen Herschell 3 Abreast (3 Row) Merry-Go-Round with (36) aluminum horses and (2) chariots and Baptist Sound System. Photo: 1992
Blomsness-Thebault also has a one-year contract for rides and games in the Happy Hollow area, replacing longtime vendor Rod Link. That will permit the same tickets and discounts to be used in both Happy Hollow and the Adventure Village area, fair officials have said. Attorney Bob Goldman Jr. said a liquidation company Norton Auctioneers specializing in carnival equipment will be asked to set up an auction of the Hollidays' rides as soon as possible. "Bud Hall threatened to destroy it if we didn't, and my clients, of course, cannot afford to fight the state of Illinois," Goldman said. "They have pretty much a bottomless pit with which to do battle in court. And once the property is destroyed, it's pretty much worthless. We never had any intention of destroying anything," said Hall. However, he said fair workers were preparing to remove state property from the area, including benches, a chain-link fence, and tires in the go-kart area. "We never gave any indication we were going to go in there with a bulldozer or some of the other rumors I've heard," Hall said. Fair workers will be available to assist the Hollidays in the final cleanup of the area after the amusement equipment is sold, Hall said. "We hope they have a successful sale and wish them well," he said. Even if the Hollidays sell the equipment, Goldman said they have not ruled out bidding on the amusement contract in the future or buying new equipment if the Adventure Village contract should be invalidated. "It's been their livelihood for many years and they have many friends, and many people, even within the Department of Agriculture, who've supported them down the line," said Goldman. "It's more than just a contract to the Hollidays."
Kiddie Ride - Trailer Mounted Kiddie Cage Feris Wheel. Photo: 1992
A newspaper article on April 29, 1993:
The rides of the state fair amusement park, long known as Kiddieland, will be auctioned at 10 a.m. April 29th. Norton Auctioneers, based in Coldwater, Michigan, will conduct the sale. "We were down there yesterday," said Daniel Satow, senior vice president of the auction firm, which specializes in liquidating amusement parks, museums, and other specialty items. "It's a nice little park, a clean park." Kiddieland, operated by the John Holliday family for 18 years, is being replaced by Adventure Village, a new children's theme park to be developed later this spring. "There's an awful lot of good memories there," said Donna Holliday, who operated the park with her parents. "Part of you looks at it, and your heart is breaking, and part of it, you're smiling because you do have good memories and good friends there." Among the items expected to generate the most interest is the 1947 Allen Herschel merry-go-round. "It's just the staple of an amusement park," said Satow. Also for sale will be three child-sized trains, a small roller-coaster, an Eli Ferris Wheel, Eli Scrambler, and Tilt-a-whirl. The go-karts and bumper boats will also be auctioned, along with other rides. The likely bidders will be other amusement parks and festival operations, Satow said. "We have occasionally sold trains to local businessmen who wanted it in the yard for their kids, or grandkids, but we expect it to go to little amusement parks or family theme parks," Satow said.
Pony Carts. Photo: 1992
A flyer on the sale will go to amusement companies nationwide, and most likely, Satow said, "It'll end up going out of state." However, Blomsness-Thebault — the Chicago-area amusement company that is developing Adventure Village with Greenview businessman David Cramer — will also be contacted, he said. "I know they've been out buying equipment for the park already," Satow said. Satow declined to estimate what the rides might be worth. "If you get three people there who need a Scrambler, it can supersede any estimates you might be able to get," he said. Bidders will be given three days to remove the equipment from the fairgrounds, which is being cleared to make way for the construction of the new theme park. The Hollidays have a lawsuit pending against the state of Illinois and fair officials over the Kiddieland contract but agreed to remove their rides by May 2nd. The Holliday family was offered an extension on removing the equipment in exchange for dropping their suits, but declined, Donna Holliday said. 

A newspaper article on August 6, 1993:
The sod was newly laid, and most of the rides have not yet passed final inspection, but Adventure Village was already getting a thumbs-up Thursday from children invited to a preview at the Illinois State Fairgrounds. "There's one word to describe it — beautiful," said Dale Snyder, 14, surveying the colorful rides, which include a gilt-and-mirrored carousel. "I think it's a lot better and much funnier [more fun] than what used to be here," said Howard Beavers, 13, fresh from a trial spin on the new larger train that will circle the expanded amusement area on the southeast corner of the fairgrounds. Rides like the Octopus and the Jungle-of-Fun climbing/activity center will go over well, they predicted.  However, the teenagers agreed they missed seeing the animals in the Kiddieland petting zoo and they think kids will wish they could still cool off in bumper boats. The bumper boat area has been restored to its previous use as a decorative fountain. "That was cool," Dale said of the bumper boats. "It seemed like when you went by, everybody was riding it, just to get wet" The children were among those invited to bring the fairgrounds to life for the annual preview for press and officials. Other preview highlights included a rededication of the Artisans Building as a museum-quality art exhibit with limited craft demonstrations, and a ride down the Giant Slide by Illinois County Fair Queen Nikki Bauman, of Olney, who soiled a white suit and ripped white stockings in the process but kept smiling. First Lady Brenda Edgar and clown-faced Ronald McDonald made a joint appearance to promote a new "Help Me Grow" tent adjacent to Kids Korner. The tent features information on a wide range of children's services, from car seat safety to immunizations. Also Thursday, fair officials announced one street at the fairgrounds will be renamed to honor longtime motorsports director Bill Oldani, who died recently. 

Another street will be renamed "Pat Henry Lane" to recognize the "lifelong enthusiasm" of the Springfield woman who has acted as a volunteer state fair historian for many years. "Pat Henry has spent a great deal of her life not only recording the history of the fair but also touring the state, giving slide shows on our behalf," said Joe Khayyat, state fair spokesman, who presented a plaque to a surprised Henry. Like Adventure Village, the fair still has gaps to fill in the final week before opening day. The Twilight Parade is next Thursday night at 6 p.m., but there's still no parade marshal. "We're working on it," said Bud Hall, state fair manager. Jam Productions and fair officials are also scrambling to lineup last-minute replacements for Bell Biv Devoe and Poison, which were scheduled for prime Saturday night Grandstand spots, August 14th and 21st. 

Also shadowing this year's fair is a lawsuit filed by the Hollidays family, who ran the Kiddieland amusement area for many years on the site that has become Adventure Village. The Hollidays also put in a bid to create a revamped amusement area but lost out to the Adventure Village partnership formed by Blomsness-Thebault, an amusement firm out of suburban Chicago, and Greenview businessman David Cramer. The Hollidays will be refiling the suit Monday, said attorney Grady Holley, after agreeing to a technical dismissal in July. The pending opening of Adventure Village doesn't affect the suit, Holley said. "The issue still exists on whether what was done was right or not," he said. Adventure Village will remain open after the fair into October and operate in warm weather months in the future, as will the Giant Slide.

Adventure Village will not open to the public until Thursday, following the Twilight Parade. Rides will be discounted to $1 apiece from 6 to 10 p.m. parade night, said Dwight Walton, promotions coordinator for Blomsness-Thebault. During the fair, rides will cost from $1.50 to $2.50 (three, four or five 50-cent tickets) in both Adventure Village and Happy Hollow, which will also be run by Blomsness-Thebault. The same tickets and one-price specials can be used in both areas this year for the first time. Hall said. There will also be a variety of discount packages available. Monday through Thursday, August 16th-19th, $10 will buy unlimited rides in both areas from noon to 4 p.m. On the final Sunday, August 22nd, fairgoers can pay $12 for unlimited rides from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. Coupons in a fair guide that will be available on the fairgrounds will offer additional discounts. Prices are not set for after the fair in Adventure Village, said Walton, but a pay-one-price unlimited ride package is being considered. 

A newspaper article from May 13, 1994:
Adventure Village, the renovated amusement park at the Illinois State Fairgrounds, opens for the season today. The park will be open from 5 p.m. until about 9 p.m., weather permitting, said Judi Cole, marketing consultant. On Saturday, the park will have a grand-opening featuring roving characters including Barney, Baby Bop and Beauty, and the Beast. The "Wild Bunch" dancers will perform. The hours Saturday are noon to 9 p.m. and Sunday hours are noon to 6 p.m. Adventure Village will operate only on Friday evenings and weekends through May, Cole said. The park can be booked by private groups at other times. Starting in June, the park will be open Wednesdays through Sundays through August. In September, the park will return to a weekend schedule. All-day ride wristbands are available. During the week, the unlimited ride wristband costs $4.95 for children, $1.95 for an adult accompanying a child. Nonriding adults are free. Saturdays and Sundays, the all-day wristband is $5.95 for children, $2.95 for an adult with a child. Tickets can also be purchased individually and rates will change for the state fair and other special events, including the Heritage Days festival on Memorial Day. Reduced rates are available for groups, Cole said, and special birthday party packages are available. The park is considering building a game center with skill games such as Skee Ball, Cole said. The park raised about $900 for the planned Children's Museum in a preview event last weekend, according to museum organizer Marygael Cullen. Rides were rained out two of the three days last weekend. The park does close in inclement weather, Cole said. Adventure Village includes 12 rides aimed at ages 14 and under, and a concession stand, Cole said. It will be used in June for several days by a New York film company. 

A newspaper article from June 22, 2011:
A guy can have only so much fun with a Giant Slide. At least that's how Dennis Herrington, who has been the sole owner of the Giant Slide at the Illinois State Fairgrounds since 1995, sees it. He's now 57 years old, has had health problems, and has no children at home to help him operate the iconic structure just inside the Main Gate of the fairgrounds. So he's hoping to sell it before this year's fair starts in August. "You don't just go put a 'for sale' sign on it," he said. Instead, he's working with Prairie State Bank & Trust and through word of mouth to find a buyer. Asking price: $175,000. The slide, which Herrington said is about 40 feet high and 130 feet long, was erected in 1968 by private owners. Pam Gray, the state fair historian, said she wasn't immediately sure who built the slide. But a total of 208,807 tickets were sold at 25 cents apiece during the 1968 state fair, making the new slide the fair's most popular attraction, according to newspaper archives. About 29,000 tickets were sold on the first Sunday of the fair. The Bud Shymansky family purchased the slide in time for 1973 fair and operated it until 1993, when Springfield businessmen Herrington, Lars Buchloh, David Mayes and Steve Vincent bought it. By 1995, Herrington had bought out the other partners, who were concentrating on their other businesses.

Springfield's Giant Slide isn't unique among state fairs. Herrington estimates that 30 to 40 other state fairs also have giant slides. But the one here has gained some notoriety over the years. Gov. Jim Thompson made it a tradition to ride down the slide with his family — and once with a visiting Chinese dignitary — after cutting the ribbon to open the state fair. He did that all but one of his 14 years as governor. He missed 1986 because the operator couldn't get proof of liability insurance until noon of the day after the fair opened, then it rained in the afternoon.

The first state fair for Herrington and his partners was in 1993, which also was the first year for a transformed and renovated Adventure Village, formerly called Kiddieland. Adventure Village is privately operated. It still operates during the warmer months even when the state fair isn't in session. But Herrington opens the slide only for special events, such as this weekend's Farm Bureau convention. He just doesn't have the time or the inclination anymore. "The kids are grown, I'm getting up in age, and I've had a few inner-ear problems," he said. "People in real estate always talk about not falling in love with the property. It was a lot of fun when the kids were younger. I'd just like to do things to make life a little easier. And liability insurance isn't cheap," he added. "You can't just go down to State Farm and buy that. You have to go find it." His youngest daughter is away at veterinary school, and his oldest daughter works as a designer for Abercrombie & Fitch in Columbus, Ohio. "You want family in the booth taking money," he said. "We were there from the time we opened until the time we closed every day. I only hired family or friends of my kids." Herrington said he has picked up several clients for his full-time insurance/financial planning business from operating the slide. There also is a prestige factor. "It was kind of neat when people would say, 'Oh, you're the guy who owns the Giant Slide,'" he said. "It's a family thing. You also see a lot of people you see only once a year at the fair. We'd have families come back year after year to go down the slide." 'Too chicken now' the slide apparently does stir memories — some good, some bad, but always exciting. Susie McClure of Taylorville said the State Fair Parade and opening night is important to her family, and that includes a ride down the Giant Slide. When she started dating her future husband eight years ago, she was reluctant to go down the slide but was eager to participate in his family's traditions. "The food was delicious and the slide and the Sky Ride were wonderful," she said. "I survived and vowed to take part the following year." The next year was different. "Apparently they had greased the slide and only a few people had gone down before us," she said. "After the first hill, I didn't touch the slide again until the end. At the bottom, my feet hit and I flipped head over heels." Her husband and his family still ride the slide every year. But after a rug burn, bruises and much embarrassment, she hasn't been back. "I'm too chicken now," she said. "But it was quite a ride down that time." 

Megan Mander's entire family was watching when her father, Rich Mander, took her as a 3-year-old down the slide for the first time in 1987. She said the story is that he didn't have a tight enough grip on her, and at the second or third bump, she flew several feet in the air and landed right back in her father's lap. "I came away unscathed and with no traumatic fears of that Giant Slide!" she wrote in an email. State fair landmark Herrington said that Shad Shymansky, Bud's son, helped the new owners operate the slide the first two years so they could learn the ropes. He said he's in the final year of an $8,200-a-year, four-year lease with the fair, but doesn't anticipate any trouble renewing it if he can't sell the slide. "It's always been easy to negotiate with them," he said. Herrington said a new buyer could probably dismantle and move the bright yellow slide in a day — if they wanted to.  "It could be moved," he said. "It's on scaffolding, and there are probably 24 to 30 sections. But it's one of the landmarks of the state fair." Herrington said he sold 47,000 ride tickets in 1995, the last year Happy Hollow was located in the sunken grassy area south of the Exposition Building. The carnival area had been there since 1907 but was moved to the area west of the Fire Station in 1996. He says he now sells between 25,000 and 30,000 rides during the fair each year, at $3 a ride or two rides for $5. "It would benefit a lot of the vendors, not just myself if they'd move Happy Hollow back to where it was," he said. He also thinks someone could make an additional $25,000 to $30,000 annually by opening the slide for special events, even opening it for picture-taking purposes. "If I can find a buyer, great," he said.

Dennis Herrington said he has "lots of memories" of the Giant Slide during the years he's been an owner since 1993. But these stories stick out:

On Aug. 22, 1998, a couple was married at the top of the slide, then while their teenaged children watched at the bottom, rode down together, kissing — or trying to — all the way. In 1999, about 30 Illinois state troopers ended their shift on the last Sunday of the fair and rode down the Giant Slide in unison, dressed in full uniform. A couple of years ago, Herrington saw an elderly woman "almost crawling up the steps" of the slide. She said she had been riding the slide for 30 years and had her nieces, who were in their 60s, with her. Herrington told her he'd feel safer if someone rode down with her, so he got on the mat with the woman and they both slid to the bottom, where she "kind of rolled over on her hands and knees" to get off the mat.

A newspaper article from July 18, 2011:
The Giant Slide at the Illinois State Fairgrounds has been sold to a local buyer who intends to keep the 43-year-old attraction in operation at the fairgrounds. "I don't think that was ever in doubt," said Dennis Herrington, the Springfield man who has owned the slide since 1995 and put it up for sale last month. "Nothing's going to change," Herrington said. The new owner doesn't want to be identified immediately. "We're still negotiating a few final things," Herrington said. 5 bids were submitted. Herrington, 57, said he put the slide up for bids with the help of Prairie State Bank & Trust. He declined to disclose the sale price, but said earlier he was asking $175,000. Many people expressed interest in the slide, and five actually submitted bids for the structure, which operates under a leasing arrangement with the state fair. Herrington has had health problems and no longer has children at home to help him operate the slide, located just inside the Main Gate in Adventure Village. Erected in 1968 the slide, which is about 40 feet high and 130 feet long, was erected in 1968 by private owners. The Bud Shymansky family bought the slide prior to the 1973 fair and operated it until 1993 when Herrington and three other Springfield businessmen bought it. By 1995, Herrington had bought out the partners, who were concentrating on their other businesses. Former Gov. James Thompson made it a tradition to ride down the slide with his family each August after cutting the ribbon to open the state fair. Springfield's Giant Slide is one of more than 30 such slides operating at state fairs around the country.

A newspaper article from May 5, 2012:

New rides are coming to Adventure Village at the Illinois State Fairgrounds, but only during the run of the state fair itself. American Midway, which operates rides at Adventure Village, has been removing the old rides since January. They will be replaced by new rides still geared to children and families. However, the new rides will be there only during the run of the Illinois State Fair, August 9th-19th. "Adventure Village, as far as being open in non-fair season, has ceased," American Midway general manager Pat Repp said. "Adventure Village will now operate only during the fair." Adventure Village had been open from Memorial Day to Labor Day each year. However, Repp said, economics caught up with the area. "It just came down to where it couldn't support itself," Repp said. "We made a decision to cease the operations and clean it out and clean it up." That includes new and more varied rides. "We're still going to focus our attention on family and the kids," Repp said. "We're not going to be putting in thrill rides or teenage-type rides. We are going to put as many or more rides in and a different mix of rides. We think the public and fair-goers are really going to like what they see this year." Once the 2012 fair is over, the rides will be removed until next year. Department of Agriculture spokesman Jeff Squibb said the Adventure Village rides will be "newer and better. For the fair, it will be advantageous," he said.

Another children’s amusement park has been lost to time.  

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.