The History of the Heald Square Monument at Wacker Drive and Wabash Avenue in Chicago, Illinois.

Chicago's Heald Square is named for Nathan Heald, an officer in the United States Army during the War of 1812 who was in charge of Fort Dearborn during the Fort Dearborn Massacre on August 15, 1812. Heald Square became part of the Chicago Park District in 1934, but the ownership was transferred to the City of Chicago in 1959.

Lorado Taft's, Heald Square Monument is an 11-foot high bronze image of three Revolutionary War heroes standing on a six-foot-high granite base on Lower Wacker Drive, between Wabash and State Street, on the south side of the Chicago River.

George Washington is the central figure and is flanked by Haym Salomon on his left and Robert Morris on his right.

Robert Morris was a very wealthy and prominent businessman in Philadelphia. In 1776, he loaned $10,000 of his own money to the government when the Continental Army lacked the funds to continue fighting the war. He devised a plan for a National bank and submitted it to Congress in 1781. Morris was one of only two patriots to sign all three of the important founding documents of the United States: The Declaration of Independence, The Articles of Confederation, and The United States Constitution.

Haym Salomon was born in Leszno, Poland, in 1740. His parents had been driven out of what is now Portugal by anti-Semitic laws decreed by the monarchy. When Salomon was a young man, he fled to Holland during a period of mob violence against Jews. Salomon immigrated to New York City in 1775 and became a financial broker. He sympathized with the anti-British forces and joined the Sons of Liberty. Salomon opened an office as a dealer of bills of exchange, bonds sold to provide funds for the Revolutionary War effort, and arranged for a loan to help George Washington pay his soldiers. Salomon and Morris collaborated to become effective brokers of bills of exchange to meet federal government expenses. Unfortunately, Salomon died penniless shortly after the Revolutionary War, having donated everything he owned to the war effort.

The scourge of anti-Semitism invaded the United States after the Civil War and reached its peak in the 1930s when more than one hundred anti-Jewish groups were organized. Barnet Hodes, a Chicago attorney and head of the Chicago Department of Law, led an attempt to curb the rise of Anti-Semitism in Chicago when he created the Patriotic Foundation of Chicago on July 4, 1936. Hodes defined the purpose of the foundation: "...the erection in Chicago of an appropriate memorial symbolizing the cooperation that George Washington received from Haym Salomon and Robert Morris.”

Hodes, of Polish Jewish heritage, had read about the financial contributions that Jewish patriot Haym Salomon had made to the American Revolution and planned to honor him. However, Hodes felt that a commemorative statue of Salomon standing alone would not deliver the message of intercultural cooperation as effectively as a sculpture with non-Jewish patriots like George Washington and Robert Morris.

Barnet Hodes chose Lorado Taft to design the Heald Square Monument, and a campaign to raise $50,000 to complete the project was launched. Taft completed a small study model of the monument that depicted Robert Morris and Haym Salomon standing hand-in-hand with George Washington. Taft, unfortunately, died in 1936, but his work was completed by three of his students, Leonard Crunelle, Nellie Walker, and Mary Webster.

The inscription on the base of the sculpture is a quote from George Washington who based his comments on part of a letter written in 1790 by Moses Seixas, a member of a Newport, Rhode Island, Hebrew congregation. It reads: “The government of the United States which gives to bigotry no sanction to persecution no assistance requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens in giving it in all occasions their effectual support.”

Taft designed this bronze plaque with a seated Statue of Liberty stretching out her arms to welcome all people no matter their race and beliefs. It is on the back of the base of the monument.

The Heald Square Monument was dedicated on December 15, 1941. The date was chosen to coincide with Bill of Rights Day, a nationwide celebration of the 150th anniversary of the adoption of the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. The fact that Pearl Harbor had been attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, added additional significance to the dedication ceremonies. Barnet Hodes formally presented the Heald Square Monument to the City of Chicago and said: “Robert Morris and Haym Salomon tell us that civilian cooperation and civilian sacrifice with the military and naval forces were no less important in the first days of our Republic than it is today. Joined with indomitable Washington, they will stand here to remind us that America became America we love because there was that working together between civilians and soldiers without which no war can be won. It is the fervent hope of those who made this monument possible that all who see it, today and through the years to come, will catch from it and be constantly inspired by this crucial lesson from the past.”

The Heald Square Monument became the first sculpture designated as a Chicago Landmark by the Chicago City Council on September 15, 1971.

Compiled by Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

Nicholas Jarrot Mansion, Illinois' Oldest Brick House with complete blueprints, Cahokia, Illinois. (1806)

One of the first historic landmarks to be considered when the Works Progress Administration (WPA) architects began work on the Historic American Buildings Survey in Illinois was the venerable Jarrot Mansion at Cahokia. There were numerous reasons for this, not the least of which is that the Jarrot Mansion is perhaps the oldest brick house in the upper Mississippi Valley. 

After measuring, sketching, and photographing the mansion, the architects drew detailed plans of it under the supervision of their director, Edgar E. Lundgren, for permanent preservation in the Library of Congress and in the architectural libraries of the Chicago Art Institute and the University of Illinois. This mansion was one of several hundred historic landmarks in all parts of the state that were recorded. 

When the building of this residence was begun in 1799, with workmen making all of its bricks on the spot, there was no state of Illinois. Cahokia, a thriving French town of log and frame houses, was then in the Northwest Territory, a territory established by the newly formed American republic. By the time the mansion was completed in 1806, the Illinois country was part of Indiana Territory. Later, when it became a state one of the numerous receptions to the first chief executive, Governor Shadrach Bond, was held in the Jarrot Mansion. A frequent visitor here before that time, and of afterward, was Ninian Edwards, governor of Illinois Territory, and the state's first United States senator. 

What brought these public officials, as well as many other leading citizens of Illinois' territorial days, to the Jarrot Mansion was the personality, influence and status of its master, Nicholas Jarrot. In the years after the mansion was completed, Jarrot reigned in it as a kind of feudal lord of Cahokia. He is said to have owned •twenty-five thousand acres of land, including the present site of East St. Louis. 

A native of Vesoul, France, where he was born in 1764, Nicholas Jarrot came to America in 1790, landing at Baltimore. After visiting New Orleans, he journeyed up the Mississippi River to the French settlements in Illinois. He purchased land at Cahokia in 1793, and four years later married Julia Beauvais (his second wife), daughter of a wealthy resident of Ste. Genevieve, across the Mississippi in Missouri. 

When the Jarrot Mansion was completed, it became the most admired dwelling in the region. Here, six Jarrot children were born and reared. One of them, Vital Jarrot, served in the Black Hawk War, was elected to the General Assembly, became part owner of the first railroad in Illinois, and established the first newspaper in East St. Louis. 

In the ballroom on the second floor of the Jarrot Mansion was held the first school in Cahokia. This was in 1809 when Jarrot persuaded a lawyer from Kentucky, Samuel Davidson, to give up his practice and become a schoolmaster, at a salary of $400 a year. 

Living almost next door to the Church of the Holy Family, the Jarrots were a devout couple and always the led the family procession to mass on Sundays and holy days. They were also a generous and hospitable couple, and balls, receptions, and dinners were frequent in their stately brick mansion. Here Nicholas Jarrot continued to live until his death in 1820. 

During the great Mississippi River flood of 1844, Mme. Jarrot and her family went to and from their home in skiffs, tying the boats to the railing of the stairway in the central reception hall. 

Although Cahokia declined rapidly with the rise of St. Louis and East St. Louis, the widowed Mme. Jarrot remained in her mansion for many years. But she left it finally and died in East St. Louis in 1875 at the age of ninety-five. 

Her daughter, Mrs. James L. Brackett, occupied the historic dwelling until her own death in 1886. Afterward, the house was occupied by nuns of the near-by Church of the Holy Family, a church which grew out of the first mission founded at Cahokia in 1699. 

The mansion is one of the few landmarks left in old Cahokia — which now is but a filling-station hamlet just south of East St. Louis. Despite its great age and the disturbances of earthquakes and floods, the house is in sound condition. On its rear wall can be seen a crack — a memento of the 1811 earthquake. 

It is a two‑story abode of red brick, designed in the Georgian Colonial style which is evident in the white columns of the portico and in the fan-light over the paneled walnut door. 

In many of the windows one can see the original hand-pressed panes imported from France. The gabled roof is covered with modern tiles. The foundation walls, composed of rough stone blocks, are two feet thick. One portion of the dark, stone-paved basement was used as a wine cellar and storage room, and another, containing a large crude fireplace, was evidently the kitchen where the Negroes did the family cooking. 

In recent years a handful of children, among them dark-eyed descendants of early French settlers of Cahokia, were taught here by black-cowled nuns from the Holy Family Church — just as children were taught in the ballroom of this mansion more than a hundred years again. 

The Jarrot Mansion was showing signs of considerable wear and tear when, recently, it was purchased by Oliver Lafayette Parks of East St. Louis who, after restoring it, converted it into a residence and guest house. Parks Air College occupies a large airfield near by.

Appreciating the historic value of his newly-acquired house, Mr. Parks commissioned the St. Louis architectural firm of Study, Farrar & Majers (working in collaboration with another architectural firm, Hoener & Hubbard) to restore it as nearly as possible to its original state. The result of their work is considered a fine example of early American architecture. 

Free PDF books in my Digital Research Library of Illinois History®

• "Old Illinois Houses" by John Drury, published 1948
• The Jarrot Mansion is Illinois' Oldest Brick House. The Original 1806 Blueprints.

Compiled by Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

The History of the Purple Hotel in Lincolnwood, Illinois.

The Purple Hotel, located at the corner of Lincoln and Touhy avenues, has a place in local lore. In 1960, the Hyatt Corporation built the hotel and opened it to the public in 1961.

The Hyatt Hotel in Lincolnwood in 1984.

It was initially called the Lincolnwood Hyatt House Hotel. Well-known Chicago pianist Myles Greene was the first performer to open in the hotel.

The mobster Allen Dorfman, an insurance agency owner and a consultant to the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) Central States Pension Fund, was a close associate of longtime IBT President Jimmy Hoffa and associated with organized crime via the Chicago Outfit, was gunned down in the Hyatt House Hotel parking lot in 1983.

Mug-Shot by Chicago FBI office of Allen Dorfman. June 12, 1981

The back story:

In 1979, the Federal Bureau of Investigation launched "Operation Pendorf" (for penetration of Allen Dorfman). The FBI installed hidden microphones in the office of Dorfman's insurance agency. As a result of information obtained from the wiretaps, a federal grand jury in Chicago indicted Dorfman and four others in May 1981. Dorfman was subsequently convicted in December 1982, along with Teamsters' president Roy Lee Williams and Chicago Outfit enforcer Joseph Lombardo, of conspiring to bribe Howard Cannon, the Democratic Senator from Nevada.

Three days before his sentencing, scheduled for January 23, 1983, Allen Dorfman was murdered  in the parking lot of the Hyatt House Hotel in Lincolnwood, Illinois. Described as a gangland-style execution, the murder was presumably intended to keep him from cooperating with authorities and to avoid a possible 55-year prison sentence for Williams and Lombardo. He was with longtime friend Irwin Weiner, a known associate of many Chicago mob figures. Weiner was not injured in the incident.

The murder has never been solved.

Michael Jordan stayed at the Purple Hotel in October 1984, his first night in Chicago!

The hotel changed hands numerous times after the infamous crime, first becoming a Radisson and then a Ramada. But vaguely criminal associations have nonetheless persisted, especially after prominent reports of "wild," "drug-fueled" parties in 2004 in connection with allegations of political fixing.

Entrance Sign on Touhy Avenue, Lincolnwood, Illinois.

Hotel Main and Lower Level Floor Plan.

Since 2004, it had been independent, simply calling itself by the name locals have used for years, the "Purple Hotel." The name came about because of the building's distinctive purple facade, somewhat radical for earth-toned suburbia.

Close-up of Purple Bricks.

In 2006, the Village sued the owners of the Purple Hotel because of health and safety code violations such as mold in guest rooms. In January 2007, it was announced the hotel was to be closed, with future plans unknown. 

In May 2007, Chicago-based "Sertus Capital Partners" entered into a conditional contract to purchase the 8-acre hotel property, planning to demolish the famed hotel and build residential and retail space. However, Sertus called off its proposed purchase of the Touhy Avenue property from the current owner Donald Bae in August 2007. The plans were scrapped due to the high cost that the owners asked for the property and problems with an extended lease of one of the tenants on the property.

In 2010, the Village again brought court action to remedy more than three dozen building code violations or demolish the building. 

In February 2011, the Village was granted authority to condemn and demolish the Purple Hotel at the owner's expense. In late 2011, Weiss Properties and North Capital Group bought the hotel's mortgage note to restore the hotel with additional amenities.

North Capital Group purchased the hotel site out of bankruptcy court in the summer of 2012.

A rendering of the proposed redevelopment of the Purple Hotel site at
Touhy and Lincoln Avenues. (2012)

In May of 2013, the Purple Hotel was set for demolition again. Their first efforts to redevelop the site called for leaving the hotel structure in place, performing a comprehensive renovation of the structure, and reopening it as an upscale hotel/banquet facility. In addition, since the site also includes the former Suits 20/20 building immediately to the west on Touhy Avenue and the former one-story strip center immediately north on Lincoln Avenue, North Capital was going to add various retail users to the site. North Capital began the formal development review process with the Village, and their plans called for opening the hotel first and then working on the remaining retail uses.

After several meetings, North Capital came to the conclusion that the location of the hotel building on the site made the development of the rest of the site a challenge and therefore withdrew its application.

North Capital went back to the drawing board. Several months later, they appeared at a Village Board meeting and announced that they had completely changed directions. Their plans now call for the hotel building to be demolished, and they have purchased the two properties immediately north of the site on Lincoln Avenue to increase the size of the development site. Their plans called for constructing a new hotel building, adding several entertainment destinations, new restaurants, retail space, and offices to fill the remainder of the site.

These three renderings of the proposed project, by North Capital Group, at the corner of Touhy and Lincoln avenues would include a 210-room hotel, 110 residential units, 114,000 square feet of retail space and about 29,000 square feet of office space. (2013)

The Purple Hotel was razed in July of 2013

"At Lincolnwood Fest 2013, there's is great interest expressed in the bricks, and we want to give back to Lincolnwood residents as the hotel did in so many ways," said Neal Stein, Project Lead and Principal with North Capital Group. "The Purple Hotel represents joyous memories for untold numbers of families who celebrated weddings, fundraisers, and other happy occasions. It is only appropriate that we honor the hotel's rich history after five decades serving Lincolnwood and the North Shore."

Lincolnwood residents and others interested in a sentimental journey can take ownership of an actual brick from the legendary Purple Hotel. Bricks will be offered free of charge, but North Capital Group suggests a $5 donation with proceeds benefiting the Lincolnwood Public Library. 

"It's a great honor to commemorate the Purple Hotel's history with the brick donation during our annual festival," said Barbara Faermark, Lincolnwood Fest organizer. "In its heyday, the hotel was among the top Chicago-area entertainment destinations and family events. We expect a lot of interest in the bricks."

Lincolnwood Fest 2013

"Each brick will be a historic keepsake of the 20th-century popular music and cultural scene. Hold your ear close to one of the purple bricks, and you may hear the melodic echoes of Perry Como, Roberta Flack, and Barry Manilow, each of whom performed in the lounge," says Faermark. 

A Purple Brick in my Personal Collection, with the commemorative fabric bag.

The Purple Hotel brick sale raises nearly $5,000 for the Lincolnwood Library.

A developer that planned a $135-million mixed-use project on the Purple Hotel site in Lincolnwood has lost the long-vacant property in foreclosure, opening the door for another developer to step in.

Romspen Investment, a Toronto-based lender, seized the 8.5-acre tract at Lincoln and Touhy avenues through October 12, 2017, sheriff's sale, according to Cook County property records. Romspen plans to sell the property as soon as possible and has received several offers already from prominent developers, said Lincolnwood Village Manager Timothy Wiberg.

A sale would open a new chapter in a saga that began when the Purple Hotel closed more than a decade ago. On a busy intersection just east of the Edens Expressway, the property has strong development potential but has been mired in litigation over the years, which stymied efforts to develop it.

"There's no higher priority for the village than to see that site developed," he said. "It's an embarrassment, and the town is too nice to have that prominent corner sitting there for as long as it has been."

North Capital Group, a Skokie-based developer that bought the property in a 2012 bankruptcy auction, unveiled an ambitious plan more than four years ago for a project that would have included a 210-room hotel, 110 residential units and 114,000 square feet of retail.

A rendering of what the redeveloped Purple Hotel site could look like,
along Touhy Avenue looking north.

But the firm never broke ground and decided to sell the site instead to a Cleveland developer. Then, in January 2016, Romspen filed an $11.5 million foreclosure suit against North Capital, starting the process that led to the sheriff's sale in October of 2017.

"Romspen has made it clear to us that they don't intend to hang onto the property any longer than they have to," Wiberg said. "They don't want to own it, and they want to sell it to a developer as quickly as possible," Wiberg said he didn't know which developers were bidding on the Purple Hotel site. But he's not worried about the property sitting on the market. "Over the last five years, I've probably met with 50 developers," he said. "There's no lack of interest."

Earlier in 2017, the Lakota Group, a Chicago consulting firm, drafted a conceptual plan for the parcel to guide developers and village officials in considering what to build there. The plan calls for multiple buildings on the site and includes 160 rooms, "SpringHill Suites" by Marriott, as many as 172 residential units, and 70,500 square feet of retail space.

The Chicago Tribune reports on January 19, 2018, that the Purple Hotel property is up for sale... again! 

UPDATE Sept. 2022:
Fortune Group had a contract to purchase Purple Hotel between 2005-2015 and got approvals for a 135 million mixed-use project. Kun Cha Bae, the owner of the failed Foster Bank, refused to extend the purchase agreement to complete the trustees' final approval. Abdul Mathin, the developer of the Skokie Gardens Condominiums, had the money in place to build the project with Norm Bobins from LaSalle Bank.

Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D. 

Chicago’s first depot. The Galena & Chicago Union Railway Station at Canal and Kinzie, Chicago. 1855

The first railroad constructed out of Chicago, the Galena and Chicago Union (G&CU), was chartered January 16, 1836, to connect Chicago with the lead mines at Galena, Illinois. The "Pioneer," the first locomotive on the road, arrived at Chicago on October 10, 1848, nearly thirteen years after the charter was granted.

Chicago’s first train depot at Canal and Kinzie, The Galena & Chicago Union Railway Station, Chicago. (1855) Although the Galena & Chicago Union won the distinction of being the first railroad to turn a wheel in Cook Countyand Chicago.

In 1850, the G&CU was completed as far as Elgin, Illinois. The railroad and the canal were vital in the development of Chicago and the population of the city tripled in the six years after the opening of the canal. Eventually other railroads were built and Chicago became the largest railroad center in the world.

The “Pioneer.” Light Passenger Locomotive, 1851.

In 1862 the G&CU leased in perpetuity the Cedar Rapids and Missouri Railroad which was to be the first railroad to reach Council Bluffs, Iowa and the First Transcontinental Railroad. The G&CU consolidated with the Chicago and North Western Railway in 1864, which merged with the Union Pacific Railroad over a century later in 1996.

Today, the G&CU's main line between Chicago and West Chicago is a busy commuter service, jointly operated by Union Pacific and Metra as the Union Pacific / West Line.

Compiled by Neil Gale, Ph.D.

A Primer about the Difference Between a Chicago Community and a Chicago Neighborhood.

Chicago consists of 77 communities.

The 77 Chicago Community Names.
CLICK FOR A FULL-SIZE VIEW

Many of those communities have named multiple neighborhoods

People who grew up in Chicago may know the neighborhood name but would call the community by the neighborhood name because that is what most Chicagoans did. Not to be confusing, but some communities have the same name for one of their neighborhoods.

West Ridge and Rogers Park communities (in bold black) have neighborhoods (in blue). Throughout Chicago's history, many neighborhood boundaries have changed or shifted as 'progress,' like new highway construction, forced some of these changes.

West Ridge Community, Chicago, Boundaries: 

NORTH: Howard Street (7600 N)

SOUTH: Bryn Mawr Avenue  (5600 N) west of Western Avenue  (2400 W) and Peterson Avenue  (6000 N) east of Western Avenue.

EAST: Ridge Boulevard (diagonal 2100-1800 W)

WEST: North Shore Channel of the Chicago River.

Rogers Park Community, Chicago, Boundaries: 

NORTH: The city of Evanston borders along Juneway Terrace (7800 N) from the lakefront (1200-1850 W) and Howard Street (7600 N) from (1600-2100 W).

SOUTH: Devon Avenue (6400 N).

EAST: Lake Michigan Shoreline.

WEST: Ridge Boulevard (diagonal 2100-1800 W).

Alphabetical List of Chicago Communities and its Neighborhoods in PDF.

In Chicago, Cook County property deeds and mortgage documents include these community and/or neighborhood names.

Homan Square is Outlined in the White Area.
CLICK THE MAP FOR FULL-SIZE VIEW

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Mortgage Loan № S82423945891-R

EXHIBIT A

LOT 12 IN HOMAN SQUARE PHASE THREE, SECTION 1, BEING A SUBDIVISION OF LOTS 26 THROUGH 32 AND LOTS 43 TO 49 IN HOMAN SQUARE PHASE 3, BEING A SUBDIVISION OF PART OF THE SOUTHEAST 1/4 OF SECTIONS14, TOWNSHIP 39 NORTH, RANGE 13, EAST OF THE THIRD PRINCIPAL MERIDAN, RECORDED SEPTEMBER 15, 2008 AS DOCUMENT NUMBER 12345678, IN COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS.

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On some modern maps of Chicago neighborhoods, the names of subdivisions of those neighborhoods are shown. The subdivision names were added as neighborhoods reconstructed some of the area neighborhoods. 

Example of community and neighborhood loss of area:

In the "Near West Side Community (with neighborhoods of Columbus Circle, Greektown, Little Italy, Medical Center, Near West Side, Tri-Taylor, Fulton River District, and University Village), the "Little Italy" neighborhood used to be larger, but like many other neighborhoods of Chicago was affected by the construction of new expressways. It lost considerable land when the Eisenhower Expressway was built in the 1950s. It lost even more real estate when the University of Illinois-Chicago moved into the area in the 1960s.

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Some Chicagoans will respond with their Parishes' names when asked what neighborhood they're from. Asking or stating a Parish as a Chicago neighborhood assumes the other person knows the church AND its location. What you, your friends and family call a Chicago area is up to you, but a parish name, unlike New Orleans, Louisiana, is not official.

Copyright © 2017 Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.