In historical writing and analysis, PRESENTISM introduces present-day ideas and perspectives into depictions or interpretations of the past. Presentism is a form of cultural bias that creates a distorted understanding of the subject matter. Reading modern notions of morality into the past is committing the error of presentism. Historical accounts are written by people and can be slanted, so I try my hardest to present fact-based and well-researched articles.
Facts don't require one's approval or acceptance.
I present [PG-13] articles without regard to race, color, political party, or religious beliefs, including Atheism, national origin, citizenship status, gender, LGBTQ+ status, disability, military status, or educational level. What I present are facts — NOT Alternative Facts — about the subject. You won't find articles or readers' comments that spread rumors, lies, hateful statements, and people instigating arguments or fights.
FOR HISTORICAL CLARITY
When I write about the INDIGENOUS PEOPLE, I follow this historical terminology:
- The use of old commonly used terms, disrespectful today, i.e., REDMAN or REDMEN, SAVAGES, and HALF-BREED are explained in this article.
Writing about AFRICAN-AMERICAN history, I follow these race terms:
- "NEGRO" was the term used until the mid-1960s.
- "BLACK" started being used in the mid-1960s.
- "AFRICAN-AMERICAN" [Afro-American] began usage in the late 1980s.
— PLEASE PRACTICE HISTORICISM —
THE INTERPRETATION OF THE PAST IN ITS OWN CONTEXT.
A settler, Charles Lee (or Leigh), had come to the Chicago area in about 1804 with his family and had preempted a large tract of land. Charles Lee owned a farm on the South Branch about four miles from its mouth; his house stood on the northwest side of the river in a grove and was first called "Lee's Place" and later "Hardscrabble."
Lee and his family built a residence near Fort Dearborn (the fort was built during the summer and fall of 1803) and were thus residents of Chicago very early. Farm products such as cabbage and other vegetables, livestock, and hay were known to be produced here.
At the Fort Dearborn Massacre of 1812, the families of John Kinzie, Lee, Burns, and Antoine Ouilmette (the first permanent white settler of Chicago in July of 1790), lived close to the fort. Charles Lee also had a cabin at the mouth of the Chicago River.
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| CLICK FOR A FULL-SIZE MAP |
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| Hardscrabble Illustration. |
At the Fort Dearborn Massacre of 1812, the families of John Kinzie, Lee, Burns, and Antoine Ouilmette (the first permanent white settler of Chicago in July of 1790), lived close to the fort. Charles Lee also had a cabin at the mouth of the Chicago River.
The Lee house at "Hardscrabble" was occupied by Lee's employees or tenants; Liberty White, a Canadian Frenchman named John B. Cardin, a discharged soldier named John Kelso (or Kelson), a man named Debou, and a boy whose name no one has taken the trouble to record.
The Fort Dearborn Massacre of 1812 was partially due to the attack of the Indians at Lee's Place. On April 6, 1812, a party of eleven Winnebagoes, dressed and painted, arrived at the house and, according to the custom among savages, entered and seated themselves without ceremony.
Something in their appearance and manner excited their suspicions. One remarked, "I do not like the appearance of these Indians - they are none of our folks. I know by their dress and paint that they are not Potawatomi."
Kelso then said to the boy who was present, "If that is the case, we had better get away from them if we can. Say nothing, but do as you see me do."
As the afternoon was far advanced, Kelso walked leisurely towards the canoes, of which there were two tied near the bank. Some of the Indians inquired where he was going. He pointed to the cattle which were standing among the haystacks on the opposite [right/south] bank and made signs that they must go and fodder them, and then they should return and get their supper.
Kelso got into one canoe and the boy into the other. The stream was narrow, and they were soon across. When they had gained the opposite side, they pulled some hay for the cattle - made a show of collecting them, and when they had gradually made a circuit so that their movements were concealed by the haystacks, they took to the woods, which were close at hand, and made for the fort.
They had run about a quarter of a mile when they heard the discharge of two guns successively, which they supposed to have been leveled at White and Debou that they had left behind. On their way to the fort, they notified the family of Burns, living on the river at what is now North State Street, of their danger, and a squad of soldiers was sent to escort them to the fort.
All of the families gathered in the fort, and the Indians left the neighborhood. Later, news reached the fort about White and Debou being stabbed, scalped, shot and mutilated.
This was the precursor to the Fort Dearborn Massacre later that summer. The Lee farm was abandoned following the Fort Dearborn massacre in August of 1812. While fur traders were thought to have still traversed the area, American activity did not resume until after federal troops returned (July 4, 1816) to rebuild Fort Dearborn.
1816 was also a new beginning for Lee's Place, though the name would be changed to Hardscrabble. Until roughly the Black Hawk War of 1832, Hardscrabble served as a fur-trading outpost consisting of several cabins, a trading post, and a lodging house.
Mack & Conant, an extensive merchant in the Indian trade in Detroit, became the owners of this property in 1816. They sent Mr. John Craft with a large supply of Indian goods to take possession of it and establish a branch of their house there; the principal object was to sell goods to such traders as they could residing throughout this country without interfering with the interests of those traders who purchased goods from him.
Mr. Craft repaired the dilapidated building, adding thereto and erecting others necessary for business convenience. He named it 'Hardscrabble;' whether he or someone else, it bore that name in 1818.
Chief Alexander Robinson owned a cabin at Hardscrabble, and several members of the La Framboise family, who were French-Indian, lived there. Robinson had put up the Galloway family at his cabin when they were coldly received by agents of the American Fur Company at Chicago in 1826. One of the girls in the family later became Archibald Clyborne's wife. She recalled five or six cabins of the several persons living nearby.
Another early settler was Russell Heacock. He took up land on the South Fork of the South Branch of the Chicago River near what is today Thirty-Fifth Street. Heacock was staunchly independent, which is probably the reason he had moved to the Hardscrabble area in the first place. He found it necessary to move closer to Chicago so that his children could attend school, himself becoming one of Chicago's early school teachers. In spite of moving to Chicago, he retained his property on the South Fork. Heacock is notable for two other reasons. First, he was the sole dissenter when a vote was called to incorporate the Town of Chicago (1833). He was second noted for his Illinois and Michigan Canal promotion. Because funds to build the canal were scarce, a plan was devised to make it less expensive by reducing the intended depth of the canal. Russell Heacock was perhaps the most vocal proponent of the plan, earning him the Shallow-Cut nickname. Maybe he hated the nickname, but the shallow-cut plan was ultimately successful.
Even before the canal construction began, Hardscrabble became the site of a quarry opened in 1833 to cut the stone needed to improve the Chicago harbor. And because of the relentless pounding of Lake Michigan waters, the harbor improvement project dragged on for many years. Later, the stone quarry became known as Stearns' Quarry. The quarry's opening and the canal's construction mark the transition from the frontier outpost of Hardscrabble to the Bridgeport that we know today.
The canal commissioners platted what came to be known as the town of Bridgeport in 1836, although it was not yet going by the name of Bridgeport. Canalport (Canal Port) was platted by private interests in 1835 in one of the even-numbered sections not controlled by the canal commissioners. The beginnings of the settlement are somewhat obscure since they are so old and because many of the records pertaining to that period, such as those kept by the county, burned in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The origin of the name Bridgeport is shrouded in myth, purportedly owing to a low bridge spanning one of the waterways, which forced cargo transfer from larger to smaller vessels. Some sources say this bridge was "at Ashland Avenue," while others say it was "near Ashland Avenue." It should be noted that there was no bridge at Ashland Avenue, nor was there an 'Ashland Avenue' per se.
The nearby Canalport settlement would also indicate that the site was foreseen as a cargo transfer point. The Forks had already been marked as the 'Head of Navigation' in the 1821 survey. The bridge in question was presumably the bridge at the lock. Aside from the bridge altogether, the narrow width of the canal lock made cargo transfer necessary. A very low bridge would have, at most, compounded this fact, and if it were built low enough to impede traffic, the canal commissioners probably did so by design. The reason is simple; because the commissioners held the land in the odd-numbered sections (here, Section Twenty-nine), they naturally would prefer that the highest valued lots fall on canal lands rather than those (like Canalport in Section 30) promoted by private speculators.
According to Michael Conzen, the commissioners were doing this in places like Lockport (vying with Joliet) and La Salle (in competition with Peru). The naming of Bridgeport probably had as much to do with the commissioner's efforts to distinguish their platting from Canalport as it had with any physical bridge. Moreover, the 1840 federal census information in A. T. Andreas' History of Cook County (1884) mentions the Bridgeport precinct of Cook County. There was no water in the canal at the time. In any event, whoever named it, Bridgeport became the real town, while Canalport remained a paper dream. A street by the name of Canalport Avenue is the only remnant left of the "town."
Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.
The Fort Dearborn Massacre of 1812 was partially due to the attack of the Indians at Lee's Place. On April 6, 1812, a party of eleven Winnebagoes, dressed and painted, arrived at the house and, according to the custom among savages, entered and seated themselves without ceremony.
Something in their appearance and manner excited their suspicions. One remarked, "I do not like the appearance of these Indians - they are none of our folks. I know by their dress and paint that they are not Potawatomi."
Kelso then said to the boy who was present, "If that is the case, we had better get away from them if we can. Say nothing, but do as you see me do."
As the afternoon was far advanced, Kelso walked leisurely towards the canoes, of which there were two tied near the bank. Some of the Indians inquired where he was going. He pointed to the cattle which were standing among the haystacks on the opposite [right/south] bank and made signs that they must go and fodder them, and then they should return and get their supper.
Kelso got into one canoe and the boy into the other. The stream was narrow, and they were soon across. When they had gained the opposite side, they pulled some hay for the cattle - made a show of collecting them, and when they had gradually made a circuit so that their movements were concealed by the haystacks, they took to the woods, which were close at hand, and made for the fort.
They had run about a quarter of a mile when they heard the discharge of two guns successively, which they supposed to have been leveled at White and Debou that they had left behind. On their way to the fort, they notified the family of Burns, living on the river at what is now North State Street, of their danger, and a squad of soldiers was sent to escort them to the fort.
All of the families gathered in the fort, and the Indians left the neighborhood. Later, news reached the fort about White and Debou being stabbed, scalped, shot and mutilated.
This was the precursor to the Fort Dearborn Massacre later that summer. The Lee farm was abandoned following the Fort Dearborn massacre in August of 1812. While fur traders were thought to have still traversed the area, American activity did not resume until after federal troops returned (July 4, 1816) to rebuild Fort Dearborn.
1816 was also a new beginning for Lee's Place, though the name would be changed to Hardscrabble. Until roughly the Black Hawk War of 1832, Hardscrabble served as a fur-trading outpost consisting of several cabins, a trading post, and a lodging house.
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| Map of Hardscrabble, Bridgeport, Illinois area, 1830. |
Mack & Conant, an extensive merchant in the Indian trade in Detroit, became the owners of this property in 1816. They sent Mr. John Craft with a large supply of Indian goods to take possession of it and establish a branch of their house there; the principal object was to sell goods to such traders as they could residing throughout this country without interfering with the interests of those traders who purchased goods from him.
Mr. Craft repaired the dilapidated building, adding thereto and erecting others necessary for business convenience. He named it 'Hardscrabble;' whether he or someone else, it bore that name in 1818.
Chief Alexander Robinson owned a cabin at Hardscrabble, and several members of the La Framboise family, who were French-Indian, lived there. Robinson had put up the Galloway family at his cabin when they were coldly received by agents of the American Fur Company at Chicago in 1826. One of the girls in the family later became Archibald Clyborne's wife. She recalled five or six cabins of the several persons living nearby.
Another early settler was Russell Heacock. He took up land on the South Fork of the South Branch of the Chicago River near what is today Thirty-Fifth Street. Heacock was staunchly independent, which is probably the reason he had moved to the Hardscrabble area in the first place. He found it necessary to move closer to Chicago so that his children could attend school, himself becoming one of Chicago's early school teachers. In spite of moving to Chicago, he retained his property on the South Fork. Heacock is notable for two other reasons. First, he was the sole dissenter when a vote was called to incorporate the Town of Chicago (1833). He was second noted for his Illinois and Michigan Canal promotion. Because funds to build the canal were scarce, a plan was devised to make it less expensive by reducing the intended depth of the canal. Russell Heacock was perhaps the most vocal proponent of the plan, earning him the Shallow-Cut nickname. Maybe he hated the nickname, but the shallow-cut plan was ultimately successful.
The nearby Canalport settlement would also indicate that the site was foreseen as a cargo transfer point. The Forks had already been marked as the 'Head of Navigation' in the 1821 survey. The bridge in question was presumably the bridge at the lock. Aside from the bridge altogether, the narrow width of the canal lock made cargo transfer necessary. A very low bridge would have, at most, compounded this fact, and if it were built low enough to impede traffic, the canal commissioners probably did so by design. The reason is simple; because the commissioners held the land in the odd-numbered sections (here, Section Twenty-nine), they naturally would prefer that the highest valued lots fall on canal lands rather than those (like Canalport in Section 30) promoted by private speculators.
According to Michael Conzen, the commissioners were doing this in places like Lockport (vying with Joliet) and La Salle (in competition with Peru). The naming of Bridgeport probably had as much to do with the commissioner's efforts to distinguish their platting from Canalport as it had with any physical bridge. Moreover, the 1840 federal census information in A. T. Andreas' History of Cook County (1884) mentions the Bridgeport precinct of Cook County. There was no water in the canal at the time. In any event, whoever named it, Bridgeport became the real town, while Canalport remained a paper dream. A street by the name of Canalport Avenue is the only remnant left of the "town."
Compiled by Dr. Neil Gale, Ph.D.
